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Biological Molecules > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Give the main example of a hexose monosaccharide

A

Glucose

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2
Q

What is a hexose monosaccharide

A

A carbohydrate with 6 carbon atoms in it

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3
Q

Give an example of a pentose monosaccharide

A

Ribose

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4
Q

What is a pentose monosaccharide

A

A carbohydrate with 5 carbon atoms in it

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5
Q

Give three examples of hexose monosaccharides

A

Glucose

Fructose

Galactose

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6
Q

What is the general formula for a monosaccharide?

A

CnH2nOn

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7
Q

What is the chemical formula of glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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8
Q

What is meant by the type of sugar?

A

How many carbon atoms are present. e.g. hexose or pentose

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9
Q

Name the two isomers of glucose

A
  1. Alpha glucose
  2. Beta glucose
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10
Q

What is an isomer?

A

A molecule with the same molecular formula but a structural formula and arrangement of atoms

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11
Q

What is the structural difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

The OH group on carbon one is orinetated the opposite way around

In aplha the OH group is attatched below the plane of the ring where as in beta glucose the OH group is attatched above the plane of the ring

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12
Q

What type of sugar is glucose?

A

A hexose monosaccharide

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13
Q

Glucose is a polar molecule

TRUE or FLASE

A

True

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14
Q

Glucose is a polar molecule this means that is it [blank] in water

fill in the blank

A

Glucose is a polar molecule this means that it is soluble in water

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15
Q

Why is glucose soluble in water?

A

The OH groups form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, allowing it to be dissolved in water

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16
Q

All monosaccharides are polar and therefore soluble in water

TRUE or FALSE?

A

TRUE

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17
Q

Why is it important that glucose can dissolve in water

A

It means that glucose can be dissolved in the cytosol of the cell

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18
Q

What is the definition of a disaccharide?

A

Sugars formed from two monosaccharides joined together by a condensation reaction

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19
Q

What is formed when alpha-glucose reacts with alpha-glucose?

A

Maltose

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20
Q

Which type of glucose forms maltose-
alpha or beta

A

Alpha glucose

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21
Q

What is formed when alpha-glucose reacts with fructose?

A

Sucrose

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22
Q

What is formed when alpha-glucose reacts with galactose?

A

Lactose

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23
Q

What type of bond is formed between two alpha-glucose molecules to form the disaccharide maltose?

A

1, 4 glycosidic bonds

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24
Q

Which two monosaccharides form the disaccharide maltose?

A

Alpha glucose + Alpha glucose

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25
**Which** two **monosaccharides** form the **disaccharide sucrose**?
**Alpha glucose** + **Fructose**
26
**Which** two **monosaccharides** form the **disaccharide lactose**?
**Alpha glucose** + **Galactose**
27
**Give** three examples of **polysaccharides**
1. **Starch** 2. **Cellulose** 3. **Glycogen**
28
**Name** the **polysaccharides** formed form **alpha glucose**
**Starch** **glycogen**
29
**What** is a **glycosidic bond**?
A **covalent bond** formed between **two monosaccharides** in a **condensation reaction**
30
**What type** of **reaction breaks apart disaccharides** and **polysaccharides** to form **monosaccharides**?
**Hydrolisis reaction**
31
**What** is a **polysaccharide**?
A **sugar** formed form **10 or more monosaccharides** joined together by **glycosidic bonds** in a **condensation reaction**
32
**monosaccharides** and **disaccharides** are **s[blank]** and **s[blank]** | **fill in the blanks**
Monosaccharides and disaccharides are **sweet** and **soluble** | they are **SUGARS**
33
**Polysaccharides** are **NOT [blank]** | **fill in the blank**
Polysaccharides are NOT **sugars**
34
**Why** are **polysaccharides insoluble**?
They are **large** in **size**
35
**Which glucose isomer** is present in **amylose**?
**alpha glucose**
36
**Name** the **two types** of **starch**
**Amylose** **Amylopectin**
37
**Which isomer** of **glucose** is in **glycogen**?
**Alpha glucose**
37
**Which isomer** of **glucose** is in **amylopectin**?
**Alpha-glucose**
38
**Which isomer** of **glucose** is in **cellulose**?
**Beta glucose**
39
**Describe** the **bonding** that **occurs** in **amylose**?
**1,4 glycosidic bonding** between **alpha glucose molecules**
40
**Describe** the **bonding** that **occurs** in **amylopectin**?
**1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonding** between **alpha glucose molecules**
41
**Describe** the **bonding** that **occurs** in **cellulose**
**1,4 glycosidic bond** between **beta glucose molecules**
42
**What** is the **structure** of **amylose**
**Alpha helix structure**
43
**What** is the **structure** of **amylopectin**?
**Branched structure**
44
**What** is the **structure** of **cellulose**?
**Straight chain molecule**
45
**What function** does the **helix/coiled structure** of **amylose** provide?
Makes amylose **compact**, so a **large amount** can be stored in a **small space**
46
**Draw** the **structure** of **alpha glucose**
**Drawn with OH facing below the ring on carbon 1**
47
**Draw** the **structure** of **beta glucose**
**Drawn** with **OH above** the **ring** on **carbon 1**
48
**Draw** the **structure** of **ribose**
**A pentose monosaccharide** with **all H-OH** except on **carbon 4**which is **CH2OH-H** and **carbon 1** which is **OH-H**
49
**Name** the **two types** of **starch**
**Amylose** **Amylopectin**
50
**How** does the **large size** of **amylose** relate to its **function**?
Makes amylose **insoluble** so it **doesn't affect** the **water potential** of the cell
51
**How** does the fact that **amylose** is a **polymer** of **glucose** relate to its **function**
It means amylose **stores** a lot of **glucose molecules** which can be **used** in **respiration** to **RELEASE energy**
52
**How** does the **large size** of **glycogen** relate to its **function**?
It makes glucose **insoluble** so it **does not affect** the **water potential** of the cell
53
**When** does **hydrolysis occur**?
**When plants/animals need energy** ## Footnote so they are releasing the individual monomers of glucose so that respiration can happen
54
**How** does the **branched structure** of **glycogen relate** to its **function**?
1. The **branched ends** allow for **hydrolysis** to **release glucose** for **respiration** to **release energy** 2. It creates **flexibillity** and **more folding** which means that it is **more compact** which means that a **large amount** can be stored in a **small space** which is good for **storage**
55
**How** does the fact that **glycogen** is a **polymer** of **glucose relate** to its **function**?
It means that glycogen can **store a lot** of **glucose** which is used in **respiraiton** for the **release** of **energy**
56
**How** does the **large size** of **amylopectin relate** to its **function**?
It makes it **insoluble** so that it **doesn't affect** the **water potential** of the cell
57
**How** does the **branched structure** of **amylopectin** relate to its **function**?
1. The **branched ends** allow for **hydrolisis** to **release glucose molecules** for **respiration** to **release energy** 2. It allows for **flexibility** and **folding** which makes the molecules **more compact** which means that a **large amount** can be stored in a **small space**
58
**How** does the fact that **amylopectin** is a **polymer of glucose relate** to its **function**?
It means that it can store **a lot** of **glucose molecules** which are used in **respiration** for the **release** of **energy**
58
**How** do **microfibrils** of **cellulose form**?
**Outwards facing OH groups** form **hydrogen bonds** between **chains** of **cellulose molecules** to form **microfibrils**
59
In **cellulose** every **alternate beta glucose molecule** is facing **upside down** | **TRUE** or **FALSE**
**TRUE** ## Footnote This is so that the condensation reaction can actually take place anda 1,4 glycosidic bond can be formed- this is the reason that some of the OH groups face outwards and H bond form between cellulose molecules to form microfibrils
60
**How** are **macrofibrils** of **cellulose formed**?
**Microfibrils** are **held together** by **Hydrogen bonds** to form **macrofibrils**
61
**How** does the **insolubility** of **cellulose** relate to its **structure**?
Makes cellulose **stable** ## Footnote This means that its **DOESN'T** dissolve in water so its shape doesnt break or change, hence making it stable
62
**How** does the **forming** of **microfibrils relate** to the **function** of **cellulose**
1. It gives cellulose a **high tensile strength**, which means that it does not **burst** when water moves in by **osmosis** 2. It gives the plant **turgidity** and **support**
63
**How** does the fact that **cellulose** is made of **beta glucose relate** to its **function**
It makes cellulose **very difficult** to **hydrolise** ## Footnote because the enzymes in animals can only easily hydrolise (break down) alpha glucose
64
**Give** the **three structural features** of **amylose**
1. **Large size** 2. **Coiled/helix structre** 3. **Polymer** of **glucose**
65
**Give** the **three structural features** of **amylopectin**
1. **Large size** 2. **Brached structure*** 3. **Polymer** of **glucose** ## Footnote *this contributes TWO things to amylopectin's structure
66
**Glycogen** is a **[blank]** version of **amylopectin** | **fill in the blank**
**more branched**
67
**Give** the **three structural features** of **glycogen**
1. **Large size** 2. **Branched structure*** 3. **Polymer** of **glucose** ## Footnote *this contributes TWO things to glycogen's structure
68
**Give** the **three structural features** of **cellulose**
1. **Insoluble** 2. **Forms microfibrils** 3. **Polymer** of **beta glucose**
69
**Describe** the **bonding** that **occurs** in **glycogen**
**1,4** and **1,6 glycosidic bonding** between **alpha glucose monosaccharides**
70
**hydrolysis reactions [blank]** bonds | **fill in the blank**
**break**
71
**condensation reactions [blank] bonds**
**form**
72
**List** the **following** in order of **solubility** **amlyopectin, ribose, glucose, amylose** | for **most** to **least**
1. **Glucose** 2. **Ribose** 3. **Amylose** 4. **Amylopectin**
73
**Name** the **carbohydrate molecule** used to **store energy** in **plants**
**Starch** | including **amylose** & **amylopectin**

Biological Molecules (4 decks)

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