Carbohydrates

Question 1

What is the general formula of a carbohydrate?

Answer 1

C(H2O)n

Question 2

What are the names for sugars with 3, 5 and 6 carbons?

Answer 2

Triose, pentose, hexose

Question 3

Name three hexose monosaccharides

Answer 3

Fructose, galactose, glucose

Question 4

Which monosaccharides make up the disaccharides sucrose, lactose and maltose?

Answer 4

Sucrose=glucose and fructose, lactose=glucose and galactose, maltose= glucose and glucose

Question 5

Describe the difference between alpha and beta glucose

Answer 5

On alpha the OH group on carbon 1 is below the ring, on beta it is above

Question 6

Which reaction joins two monosaccharides and what bond is formed?

Answer 6

Condensation, glycosidic

Question 7

Which reaction breaks the bond in a disaccharide?

Answer 7

Hydrolysis

Question 8

Describe the structure of starch

Answer 8

a polymer of alpha glucose. Composed of coiled-chain amylose containing 1-4 glycosidic bonds and coiled and branched amylopectin containing 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

Question 9

Describe the structure of glycogen

Answer 9

a polymer of alpha glucose- branched structure containing 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

Question 10

Describe the structure of cellulose

Answer 10

a polymer of beta glucose, straight chains with 1-4 glycosidic bonds, every other glucose rotated 180 degrees. H bonds holding together chains to form microfibrils, making it strong

Question 11

Describe the structure of chitin

Answer 11

a polymer of beta glucose with acetylamine groups, straight chains with 1-4 glycosidic bonds, every other glucose rotated 180 degrees. H bonds holding together chains to form microfibrils, making it strong

Question 12

Give three reasons starch and glycogen are good storage molecules

Answer 12

Glucose can be added and removed easily, they are compact and they have no osmotic effect because they are insoluble

Question 13

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 13

Contains the DNA which codes for protein synthesis

Question 14

What is the function of the ribosomes?

Answer 14

Protein synthesis

Question 15

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 15

The site of aerobic respiration which synthesises ATP.

Question 16

What is the function of the chloroplast?

Answer 16

Site of photosynthesis which synthesises glucose

Question 17

What is the function of the nucleolus?

Answer 17

Synthesis of rRNA and ribosomes

Question 18

What is the function of the SER?

Answer 18

The synthesis and transport of lipids

Question 19

What is the function of the golgi body?

Answer 19

Chemically modifies (eg producing glycoproteins) and packages proteins into vesicles for secretion out of the cell. Produces lysosomes.

Question 20

What is the function of the centrioles

Answer 20

Are used in spindle formation in cell division in animals

Question 21

What is the function of the lysosomes?

Answer 21

Contain digestive enzymes. These can be used to destroy old organelles
or digest material which has been taken into the cell

Question 22

What is the function of the cell wall?

Answer 22

Prevents osmotic lysis

Question 23

What is the function of the plasmodesmata?

Answer 23

Allows communication and exchange of large organic materials between adjacent plant cells

Question 24

Draw and label a mitochondrion

Answer 24

Mitochondria consist of an outer and inner double membrane; intermembrane space; cristae; matrix; DNA and ribosomes.

Question 25

Draw and label a chloroplast

Answer 25

Chloroplasts consist of a double outer membrane containing stroma with ribosomes, lipid, circular DNA and possibly starch. Through the stroma are parallel flattened sacs, thylakoids, stacked in places as grana. Between the grana the thylakoids form lamellae.

Question 26

Which organelles in a eukaryotic cell contain DNA?

Answer 26

Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts (if a plant cell)

Question 27

What is the name of the membrane around a vacuole?

Answer 27

Tonoplast

Question 28

Which organelles are found in plant cells but not animal cells?

Answer 28

chloroplasts, cell wall and plasmodesmata, large vacuole and tonoplast.

Question 29

Which organelle is found in animal cells but not plant cells?

Answer 29

centrioles

Question 30

Give the organelles involved in protein synthesis and secretion from the cell in order

Answer 30

Nucleus (contains coding DNA), mRNA travels to ribosomes (synthesise proteins), proteins travel to golgi body (processed and packaged into vesicles), vesicles travel to cell membrane, mitochondria provide ATP as energy for exocytosis

Question 31

How are eukaryotic cells different to prokaryotic cells?

Answer 31

They contain membrane bound organelles, including the nucleus. They have linear rather than circular DNA and larger 80s ribosomes

Question 32

What is a prokaryotic cell wall made of?

Answer 32

Murein/peptidoglycan (same thing)

Question 33

Where does aerobic respiration happen in a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 33

infoldings of the cell membrane, called mesosomes

Question 34

What is the structure of a virus?

Answer 34

Viruses consist of DNA or RNA, not both, enclosed in a protein coat called a capsid. Some viruses also have an outer lipoprotein envelope, e.g. the influenza virus and HIV.

Question 35

Are viruses alive? Explain your answer

Answer 35

No, because they do not perform all the requirements for life (MRS GREN)

Question 36

What is a tissue?

Answer 36

A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function

Question 37

What is an organ?

Answer 37

A group of different tissues working together to perform a specific function

Question 38

What are the three types of muscle and what do they each do?

Answer 38

Skeletal/striated (contracts to move skeleton), smooth (contraction is involuntary, eg in blood vessels and digestive system) and cardiac (in the heart)

Question 39

What are the three types of epithelial tissue, and where are they found in humans?

Answer 39

Columnar (in digestive system, or ciliated columnar in trachea and bronchi), cuboidal (in kidney tubules) and squamous (thin and flat for diffusion in alveoli or lining blood vessels)

Question 40

What is the function of cilia?

Answer 40

Waft mucus containing bacteria up the trachea to be swallowed (or eggs along the fallopian tubes)

Question 41

What is the function of microvilli?

Answer 41

Increase the surface area for absorption