Carbohydrates

Question 1

Carbs

Answer 1

Most abundant organic molecule in nature

Question 2

Function of Carbs

Answer 2

Energy, Cell membrane components for intercellular communication, and bacterial cell walls

Question 3

6-C Structures prefer…

Answer 3

to be in an aromatic shape C6H1206

Question 4

Carbs most common configuration in body…

Answer 4

D configuration

Question 5

Racemases

Answer 5

enzymes that conver simple sugars between the L and D forms

Question 6

Monosaccharides

Answer 6

Glyceraldehyde –> Arabinose –>Glucose & Mannose
Glyceraldehyde –> Lyxose –> Galactose
Dihydroxyacetone –> Ribulose –> Fructose

Question 7

Isomers

Answer 7

Compounds with the same chemical formula

EX: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Question 8

Epimers

Answer 8

Monosaccharide differ around a specific C.
EX: Galactose and glucose around C4
Mannose and Glucose around C2

Question 9

Enantiomers

Answer 9

Non-super imposable mirror images. They are chiral.

Question 10

Anomers

Answer 10

Cyclization creates an anomeric C. This creates an alpha and beta configuration. They can spontaneously switch forms which is called mutarotation. They help maintain the equilibrium in the body.
EX: alpha-D-glucopyranose: synthesizes glycogen
beta-D-glucopyranose: synthesizes cellulose

Question 11

Glycosidic Bonds

Answer 11

Link monosaccharides. C1 Galactose, C4 Glucose

a config = a bond, B config = b bond

Question 12

Glycosyltransferase

Answer 12

enzyme that forms Glycosidic Bonds

Question 13

Lactose bond type

Answer 13

galactosyl- B (1-4) glucose

Question 14

Asparagine & Sugar bond type

Answer 14

N-glycosidic bond (due to NH)

Question 15

Serine & Sugar bond type

Answer 15

O-glycosidic bond (due to OH)

Question 16

Disaccharide

Answer 16

2 Monosaccharides

Question 17

Oligosaccharide

Answer 17

3-12 Monosaccharides

Question 18

Polysaccharide

Answer 18

12 or more Monosaccharides

Question 19

Sucrose

Answer 19

Glucose and Fructose.
1a-2B bond
Broken down by Sucrase.

Question 20

Lactose

Answer 20

Galactose and Glucose.
1B-4 bond
Broken down by Lactase.

Question 21

Maltose

Answer 21

Glucose and Glucose
1a-4 bond.
Broken down by Maltase.

Question 22

Cellobiose

Answer 22

Glucose and Glucose

1B-4 bond.

Question 23

a-amylase

Answer 23

Breaks down Starches

Question 24

Hydrolysis

Answer 24

Glycosidase and H2O help to add OH on to seperate.

Question 25

Starch Breakdown

Answer 25

- -> isomaltose (isomaltase or a-dextrinase) --> Glucose | - -> imaltose &imaltotriose (maltase) --> Glucose

Question 26

Mouth Digestion

Answer 26

salivary a-amylase breaks starch into a-dextrins

Question 27

Stomach Digestion

Answer 27

low pH stops salivary amylase - NO CARB DIGESTION

Question 28

Small Intestine Digestion

Answer 28

Acid neutralized by bicarbonate secreted by pancrease. Pancreatic a-amylase continues. Final, enzymes synthesized by intestinal mucosal cells. Glucose, Galactose, & Fructose-->liver via portal circulation. Tri & oligosaccharides broken down in SI.

Question 29

Lactase Deficiency

Answer 29

in the large intestine, lactose is broken down by bacteria into 2C metabolites, 3C metabolites and CO2

Question 30

Portal Circulation

Answer 30

Small Intestine lactose uses B-galactosidase to go to galactose & glucose

Question 31

Glycosaminoglycans (GAG)

Answer 31

Long unbranched repeating disaccharide units. | Compose: Catilage, Tendons, Skin, Blood vessels, Collagen, & Elastin.

Question 32

Hyaluronate

Answer 32

Makes up the Synovial Fluid and Hyaluronic Acid

Question 33

Chondriotin-4-sulfate & Chondroitin-6-sulfate

Answer 33

Makes up tendons and Ligaments

Question 34

Dermatan sulfate & Keratan sulfate & Heparin

Answer 34

Makes up Connective Tissue

Question 35

Proteoglycans

Answer 35

Found in the cartilage, they are the core protein that linear GAG chains covalently attach to. (Bottle Brush form) Common GAG: chondroitin sulfate & keratan sulfate

Question 36

Glycopoteins

Answer 36

Proteins attached to oligosaccharides covalently. Branches instead of linear. Attaches to amino acids. Used in Cell phenomena: surface antigenicity, surface recognition & mucins in GI tract & urogenital tract.