Carbohydrates Flashcards
(20 cards)
What do side branches determine for a sugar molecule?
It’s type + properties
Why are monosaccharides a rapid energy source?
Readily adsorbed (don’t need to be digested) + need little/no change before use in cellular respiration.
3 point about glucose:
Main sugar used by cells for respiration. Formed in digestion of starch + glycogen. (->)Absorbed + transported in bloodstream to cells.
2 points on sucrose:
Glucose + fructose. Usual form in which sugar is transported around a plant.
3 points on maltose:
2 glucose. Produced when amylase breaks down starch. Found in germinating seeds when they break down their starch stores for food.
What is lactose made of?
Glucose + galactose.
How is lactose hydrolysed industrially in milk?
- LactAse immobilised in gel 2. Milk poured thrgh column contain beads of im.enzy 3. Splits to monosaccharides
When are carbohydrates split with hydrolysis?
When digested in gut + when carbohydrate stores in cells are broken to release sugars
Why do complex carbohydrates release energy slowly?
Have to be digested into monosaccharides before being absorbed which takes time.
What makes starch + glycogen good storage molecules?
Compact structure (spiral for starch). Low solubility in H2O - don’t affect H2O conc. in cyto. - no/little osmotic effect. Cannot diffuse across membr.s
4 points in glycogen;
Bacteria, fungi + animals use instead of starch. Composed of glucose mlcs. Numerous side branches - rapidly hydrolysed - easy access to stored energy. Humans store in liver + muscles.
4 points on starch:
Mixture of amylose + amylopectin. Major energy source in diet. Good thickening agent - forms sticky gel when mixed with H2O. Fat replacement in many food products.
Differences in amylose vs. amylopectin
20-30% / majority. Straight chained / branched. Spiral shape / not. 1,4 / 1,4 & 1,6.
4 points on cellulose:
In diet. St.chained (glucose mlcs slightly diff. struct. vs starch). Indigestible in human gut (imp. function in moving materials thrgh digestive track - prevent ‘western disease’).
3 points on lipids:
Organic mlcs found in e.type of cell. Supply >2X energy carbos do - lots energy stored in small mass. Insol. in water, but sol. in organic solvents.
How are triglycerides formed + what are they used as?
Synthesised by formation of ester bonds in conden.react. b/w glycerol + 3 f.a.chains. Use: energy stores in plants + animals.
What are saturated fats at RT + why?
(S) fat as strong intermolecular bonds b/w sat triglyc. packed tightly t/g as long + straight.
What are unsaturated fats at RT + why?
(l) oil. D.bonds cause kinks in chain - prevent packing tightly t/g - incr. distance - weak intermolecular bonds.
3 points on cholesterol:
Short lipid mlcs essen. for good health. Vital component of cell membr - roles in organis. + funct. Made in liver from sat fats/obtained in diet.
What are 3 hexose sugars?
Glucose, galactose + fructose
