Carbohydrates

Question 1

example of monosaccharides

Answer 1

glucose

Question 2

example of disaccharides

Answer 2

sucrose, glu, fru

Question 3

carbohydrates
produced from ____ and _____ via photosynthesis in plants
fulfill a variety of functions:
can be covalently linked with proteins to form _______ and _______

Answer 3

CO2, H2O
energy source, storage
structural component of cell walls and exoskeleton
informational molecules in cell signaling
glycoproteins, proteoglycans

Question 4

examples of polysaccharides

Answer 4

cellulose, glycogen

Question 5

classification of carbohydrates are by _____

Answer 5

number of carbons

Question 6

carbohydrates are a large class of _____ and _____

Answer 6

poly hydroxy aldehydes and ketones

Question 7

aldose contains an ______

ketose contains a a ________

Answer 7

aldehyde functionality

ketone functionality

Question 8

glyceraldehyde and dihydroxy acetone are ______

same composition, different connectivity

Answer 8

structural isomers

Question 9

glyceraldehyde is a _______

same connectivity, different arrangement

Answer 9

stereoisomer

Question 10

have the same molecular formula but different structures

Answer 10

isomers

Question 11

isomers that are not mirror images

Answer 11

diastereoisomers

Question 12

isomers that differ at a new asymmetric carbon atom formed on ring closure

Answer 12

anomers

Question 13

structural isomers that differ in the configuration around only one chiral center

Answer 13

epimers

Question 14

nonsuperimposible mirror images

Answer 14

enantiomers

Question 15

there are four different groups attached to the carbon atom and the carbon atom is sp3 hybridized
(asymmetric)

Answer 15

chiral carbon

Question 16

______ is the smallest sugar that has a chiral carbon

the two basic configurations around the chiral carbon are named __ and __

Answer 16

glyceraldehyde

D, L

Question 17

the D or L configuration is determined by the ________

Answer 17

asymmetric carbon most distant from the carbonyl carbon

Question 18

what is more stable than linear forms of monosaccharides

Answer 18

ring structure

Question 19

aldehyde and ketone carbons are ________
alcohol oxygen atom is ________
when aldehydes are attacked by alcohols, _______ form
when ketones are attacked by alcohols, _____ form

Answer 19

electrophilic
nucleophilic
hemiacetals
hemiketals

Question 20

cyclization of monosaccharides
the former carbonyl carbon becomes a new chiral center called the __________
the former carbonyl oxygen becomes a _______
if the hydroxyl group is on the opposite side of the right as the CH2OH moiety, the configuration is ___
if the hydroxyl group is on the same side of the ring as CH2OH moiety, the configuration is __

Answer 20

anomeric carbon
a
b

Question 21

the carbon bearing the two configurations is called the _______
the designation of a means the OH is __________
and B means ______

Answer 21

anomeric carbon
below the plane of the ring
above the plane of the ring

Question 22

six membered oxygen-containing rings are called _______

Answer 22

pyranoses

Question 23

five membered oxygen containing rings are called _______

Answer 23

furanoses

Question 24

increasing the temperature shifts the equilibrium in the direction of the furnaces form ________

Answer 24

reducing the sweetness of the solution

Question 25

the standard five carbon sugar

Answer 25

ribose

Question 26

the standard six carbon sugar

Answer 26

glucose

Question 27

the ketose form of glucose

Answer 27

fructose

Question 28

in a solution, glucose interconverts between the linear form and four cyclic conformations. this process is known as _______

Answer 28

mutarotation

Question 29

______ due to linear form behave like aldehydes and react with oxidizing agents

Answer 29

glucose

Question 30

the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucono lactone and hydrogen peroxide

Answer 30

glucose oxidase

Question 31

______ oxidizes organic molecules into highly colored compounds

Answer 31

hydrogen peroxide

Question 32

alcohols and amines with glucose

Answer 32

glycosidic bonds

Question 33

when a hydroxyl group reacts with anomeric carbon | examples: maltose, lactose, sucrose

Answer 33

o-glycosidic

Question 34

when nitrogen of an amine react with anomeric carbon

Answer 34

N-glycosidic bond

Question 35

the disaccharide formed upon condensation of two glucose molecules via 1 to 4 bond is called

Answer 35

maltose

Question 36

_______ linked through O-glycosidic bonds

Answer 36

disaccharides

Question 37

enzymes responsible for linking monosaccharides are known as

Answer 37

glycosyltransferases

Question 38

neither the fructose or glucose can be converted to aldehyde or kept group

Answer 38

a non reducing sugar

Question 39

enzyme for cleavage of sucrose is called

Answer 39

sucrase

Question 40

glucose + glucose | enzyme for hydrolyzing maltose is ______

Answer 40

maltose | maltase

Question 41

galactose to glucose makes _______ | enzyme for hydrolyzing lactose is _____

Answer 41

lactose | lactase

Question 42

found in hemolymph | glucose-glucose

Answer 42

trehalose

Question 43

natural carbohydrates are usually found as _______ | these polysaccharides can be:

Answer 43

``` polymers homopolysaccharides heteropolysaccharides linear branched ```

Question 44

polysaccharides do not have a _________ | serve as energy reservoirs and structural components

Answer 44

defined molecular weight

Question 45

the O-glycosidic bond connects sugar monomers to form _______ and _______o

Answer 45

oligomers and polymers

Question 46

branched homopolysaccharide of glucose | functions as the __________

Answer 46

glycogen | main storage polysaccharide in animals

Question 47

mixture of two homopolysaccharides of glucose _______ is an unbranched polymer of a1-4 linked residues _______ branched like glycogen but the branch points with a1-6 linkers occur every 24-30 residues main storage polysaccharide in _____

Answer 47

starch amylose amylopectin plants

Question 48

glycogen and starch often form _____ in cells ______ contain enzymes that synthesize and degrade these polymers __________ have one reducing end but many non reducing ends enzymatic processing occurs simultaneously in many ________

Answer 48

granules granules glycogen and amylopectin nonreducing ends

Question 49

most abudant organic compound ____ sugar B-glucose allows formation of long chains _____ form between adjacent monomers additional H bonds between chains structure is now tough and water insoluble

Answer 49

cellulose unbranched hydrogen bonds

Question 50

_____ has straight chains, suitable for structural parts | ______, opitmal for storage

Answer 50

cellulose, straight chains | starch and glycogen, bent structure

Question 51

the _____ and _____ make cellulose a difficult substrate to act on fungi, bacteria, and protozoa secrete _____, which allows them to use wood as source of glucose most animals cannot use cellulose a fuel source because _________ ________ live symbiotically with microorganisms that produces cellulase _____ hold promise in the fermentation of biomass into biofuel

Answer 51

``` fibrous structure, water-insolubility cellulase lack the enzyme to hydrolyze ruminants and termites cellulases ```