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biochem > carbohydrates > Flashcards

carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Sugars that contain aldehyde groups that are ___ to carboxylic acids are
classified as ____ sugars.
• oxidized, non-reducing
• oxidized, reducing
• reduced, non-reducing
• reducing, oxidizing

A

aldehydes oxidized to acids;
reducing

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2
Q

Examples of reducing sugars:

A

lactose, maltose, glucose, fructose

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3
Q

NOT a reducing sugar

  1. lactose,
  2. maltose,
  3. glucose,
  4. fructose
  5. Sucrose
A

Sucrose

sucrose is NOT reducing - reducing groups of glucose and fructose involved in glycosidic bond (no free anomeric carbon)

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4
Q

What is glucosuria?

A

Glucosuria, the presence of glucose in the urine, can be caused by reduced insulin levels, high blood sugar levels, impaired tubular resorption, or a high glomerular filtration rate. Threshold for glucosuria is 160-180 mg/dL

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5
Q

What is the chemical bond between two monosaccharides

A

glycosidic bond

disaccharides are carbohydrates made of two molecules of monosaccharides and with the loss of one molecule of water.

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6
Q

maltose = ?

A

maltose = glucose + gluscose

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7
Q

lactose = ?

A

lactose = glucose + galactose

milk sugar

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8
Q

scurose = ?

A

sucrose = glucose + fructose

table sugar

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9
Q

disaccharides need to be broken down into monosaccharides to be absorbed in the small intestine. true or false

A

true

they are then absorbed by enterocytes

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10
Q

What are proteoglycans

A

Complex carbohydrates that have a central protein molecule to which many GAGs are attached in a radial (brush-like) pattern.

PGs = proteins + GAGs

Located mostly in the ECM.

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11
Q

What are Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

A

Heteropolymer chains containing repeating disaccharide units of an amino sugar (N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine) and a uronic acid (glucaronic acid, iduronic acid).

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12
Q

Where are Glycosaminoglycans found

A

The major structural polysaccharides of extracellular matrix (ECM), connective tissue (CT), and outer cell membrane surfaces.
They easily attract water, enabling them to cushion the surrounding structures.

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13
Q

Which Glycosaminoglycan does not contain sulfur

A

Hyaluronic acid

does not contain sulfur

Largest GAG

Shock absorbing

Location-

ECM, Synovial fluid, vitreous humor

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14
Q

Select all that apply for Heparin

Anticoagulant

largest GAG

most abundant GAG

released by mast cells and basophils

A

It is an anticoagulant that prevents excessive fibrin formation during inflammatory or allergic reactions.

It is released by mast cells and basophils

Repeating disaccharides- glucosamine and iduronic acid

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15
Q

heparan sulfate is made up of repeating units of glucosamine and glucuronic acid. True or false?

A

heparan sulfate is made up of repeating units of glucosamine and glucuronic acid.

Location-

Present in the basement membrane

Only important GAG in the CNS

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16
Q

Accumulation of which GAGs cause myxedema?

A

Excess Chondroitin Sulfate and hyaluronic acid in intestinal tissue is called myxedema.

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17
Q

Which is the most abundant GAG?

A

Chondroitin sulfate

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18
Q

Where is chondroitin sulfate foud?

A

Cartilage

other locations-

bone, tendon, ligament

19
Q

Classify all the following-

Starch, blood group antigens, glucose, membranes, maltose, glycogen, fructose, GAGs, sucrose, glycoproteins, ribose, lactose, chitin, cellulose

A

monosaccharide- glucose, ribose, fructose

disaccharide- maltose, sucrose, lactose

oligosaccharide- membranes, glycoproteins, blood group antigens

polysaccharide- chitin, GAGs, glycogen, starch, cellulose

20
Q

Startch- The major glucose storage molecule in animals.

Glycogen- The major glucose storage molecule in plants.

A

Glycogen- The major glucose storage molecule in animals.

Startch- The major glucose storage molecule in plants.

21
Q

starch is made up of ?

A

amylopectin and amylose

22
Q

liver and small intestine produce glycogen from glucose during well-fed state.

A

liver and muscle produce glycogen from glucose during well-fed state.

23
Q

cellulose metabolism provides energy. true or false?

A

cellulose metabolism provides no energy because human digestive enzymes cannot hydrolyze beta-1,4 linkages.

24
Q

which GAG contains the largest quantity of sulfate?

A

Heparin

25
Q

Hyaluronidase is an enzyme that splits hyaluronic acid. true or false?

A

Hyaluronidase is an enzyme that splits hyaluronic acid and in doing so lowers the viscosity and increases the permeability of connective tissue and increases the absorption of fluids.

26
Q

where is chondroitin sulfate majorly found?

A

it is the major constituent in various connective tissues, ground substance of blood vessels, bone, cartilage.

27
Q

Glycoproteins are short, branched, oligosaccharides that function in blood group antigens, cell-cell adhesion, and coagulation factors.

Proteoglycans are short, branched disaccharides attached to a protein core that function in the extracellular matrix.

true or false?

A

Glycoproteins are short, branched, oligosaccharides that function in blood group antigens, cell-cell adhesion, and coagulation factors.

Proteoglycans are short, branched polysaccharides attached to a protein core that function in the extracellular matrix.

28
Q

Glycoprotein on RBCs and other circulating blood proteins (eg- coagulation factor, tumor markers such prostate-specific antigen)

A glycoprotein in basement membrane maintains the integrity of the basement membrane

An adhesive glycoprotein binds cell-surface receptors and attaches cells to the extracellular matrix.

Match description to laminin, fibronectin and blood-group antigens.

A

Blood- group antigens-Glycoprotein on RBCs and other circulating blood proteins (eg- coagulation factor, tumor markers such prostate-specific antigen)

laminin- A glycoprotein in the basement membrane, maintains the integrity of the basement membrane.

fibronectin- An adhesive glycoprotein binds cell-surface receptors and attaches cells to the extracellular matrix.

29
Q

sphingolipids are derivatives of ceramide, which is formed by esterification of a fatty acid with the amino group of sphingosine.

They are mostly found in the grey matter of the CNS

true or false.

A

sphingolipids are derivatives of ceramide, which is formed by esterification of a fatty acid with the amino group of sphingosine.

They are mostly found in the white matter of the CNS

30
Q

Phosphorycholine attached to ceramide

Oligosaccharides containing at least sialic acid residue linked to ceramide

found in the myelin sheath

found in cell membranes (nerve tissue, blood cells)

one galactose or glucose unit joint in beta-glycosidic linkage to ceramide

signal transduction

Choose all that apply to Sphingomyelins.

A

Phosphorycholine attached to ceramide

found in cell membranes (nerve tissue, blood cells)

signal transduction

31
Q

Phosphorycholine attached to ceramide

Oligosaccharides containing at least sialic acid residue linked to ceramide

found in the myelin sheath

found in cell membranes (nerve tissue, blood cells)

one galactose or glucose unit joint in beta-glycosidic linkage to ceramide

signal transduction

Choose all that apply to Cerebrosides.

A

found in the myelin sheath

one galactose or glucose unit joint in beta-glycosidic linkage to ceramide

32
Q

Phosphorycholine attached to ceramide

Oligosaccharides containing at least sialic acid residue linked to ceramide

found in the myelin sheath

found in cell membranes (nerve tissue, blood cells)

one galactose or glucose unit joint in beta-glycosidic linkage to ceramide

signal transduction

Choose all that apply to gangliosides

A

Oligosaccharides containing at least sialic acid residue linked to ceramide

found in the myelin sheath

33
Q

monosaccharides and disaccharides can be
absorbed in the small
intestine. true or false?

A

Only monosaccharides can be
absorbed in the small
intestine. Disaccharides are
hydrolyzed first by brush
border enzymes.

34
Q

α-Amylase is secreted by
both the pancreas and the
parotid gland. true or false?

A

True.

α-Amylase is secreted by
both the pancreas and the
parotid gland.

35
Q

Glycogen is stored in the small intestine.

true or false?

A

False. Glycogen is stored in the liver

36
Q

Inulin is a homopolymer of glucose. true or false?

A

False. It is a homopolymer of fructose

37
Q

inulin is used to determine glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

True or false?

A

true.

Used to determine glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

38
Q

Cariogenic bacteria synthesize
glucans (dextrans) and
fructans (levans) from their
metabolism of dietary
glucise, which aid in their
adherence to teeth

True or false?

A

Cariogenic bacteria synthesize
glucans (dextrans) and
fructans (levans) from their
metabolism of dietary
sucrose, which aid in their
adherence to teeth

39
Q

Dextran is produced by Streptococcus mutans. True or false?

A

true

40
Q

Serous (watery) → contain a-amylase.
Mucous (viscous) → contain mucins.

true or false?

A

true

Serous (watery) → contain a-amylase.
Mucous (viscous) → contain mucins.

41
Q

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
Minor (except von Ebner)

von Ebner

Classify as serous, mucous or mixed

A

Parotid- Serous
Submandibular- Mixed
Sublingual- Mucous
Minor (except von Ebner)- Mucous

von Ebner - serous

42
Q

Parasympathetic action → serous secretions.
Sympathetic action → mucous secretions.

true or false?

A

true

Parasympathetic action → serous secretions.
Sympathetic action → mucous secretions.

43
Q
A

biochem (4 decks)

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