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Intro to Biochemistry > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

How many carbons does a hexose have and what is it a form of?

A

6 carbons

form of glucose

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2
Q

What are carbohydrates made out of?

A

Carbon and water

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3
Q

What is the general formula of carbohydrates?

A

Cn(H2O)n

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4
Q

Name the three carbohydrate groups

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

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5
Q

What are the properties of monosaccharides?

A

Colourless, crystalline solids, soluble in water (OH groups), single aldehyde or ketone group

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6
Q

What makes up a disaccharide and how are they made?

A

2 monosaccharides and formed by condensation reaction (removal of H2O)

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7
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Polymers of monosaccharides

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8
Q

What are the two forms of polysaccharides?

A

Homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides

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9
Q

Name three carbohydrate functions

A

Energy storage/supply
structural functions
signalling (between and within cells)

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10
Q

What are the 2 structural forms of carbohydrates?

A

Fischer projections - 2D, linear

Ring (cyclic structure)

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11
Q

What are the 3 monosaccharide groups?

A

Ketone (C-O)
Aldehyde (COH)
Hydroxyl (OH)

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12
Q

What is isomerism?

A

Atomic arrangements within the molecule that can significantly affect the function

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13
Q

What is a chiral centre?

A

Carbon atoms that have 4 different chemical groups attached

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14
Q

What is an enantiomer?

A

When molecules have the same functional group but one is a mirror image of the other

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15
Q

What is D configuration in an enantiomer in a Fischer projection?

A

If the OH group is to the right of the last chiral centre carbon

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16
Q

What is L configuration in an enantiomer in a Fischer projection?

A

If the OH group is to the left of the last chiral centre carbon

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17
Q

What is D configuration in a ring enantiomer?

A

If the oxygen bond to the last chiral centre carbon is at the right

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18
Q

What is the L configuration in a ring enantiomer?

A

If the oxygen bond to the last chiral centre carbon is at the left

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19
Q

Where does an epimer occur?

A

Where functional groups are arranged differently at one or more chiral centres (not mirror images)

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20
Q

What happens when a molecule is dextrorotatory?

A

It rotates light clockwise

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21
Q

How are dextrorotatory molecules denoted?

A

(+)

22
Q

Where do anomers occur?

A

Only in rings

23
Q

What is an anomeric carbon?

A

Ones involved in hemiacetal or hemiketal bonding during ring formation

24
Q

Where do anomeres occur?

A

Only in rings

25
Q

What does alpha mean when denoted on an anomer for hexose?

A

carbon 6 and new hydroxyl group (OH) are on opposite sides of rings

26
Q

What does beta mean when denoted on an anomer for hexose?

A

carbon 6 and new hydroxyl group (OH) are on the same side of the ring

27
Q

What does “pyran” mean?

A

six in the ring

28
Q

What does “furan” mean?

A

five in the ring

29
Q

What group are aldohexoses predominantly part of?

A

Pyranose

30
Q

What group are ketohexoses predominantly part of?

A

furanose

31
Q

Where do conformers occur?

A

only for rings

32
Q

What causes puckered conformations?

A

strain

33
Q

What are the 2 conformations that rings flip between?

A

“boat” and “chair”

34
Q

What test can be use to detect monosaccharides?

A

Benedict’s test for reducing sugars - precipitated as insoluble red

35
Q

What can you do to detect monosaccharides?

A

Oxidation - only free aldehyde/ketone groups can be oxidised, afterwards the monosaccharide can reduce the metal ions

36
Q

When is an O-glycosidic bond formed in a disaccharide?

A

When an anomeric carbon of one monosaccharide binds to oxygen from hydroxyl group of another sugar

37
Q

Why does the glycosidic bond name contain alpha or beta?

A

If the monosaccharide is either alpha or beta

38
Q

Can a glycosidic bond be hydrolysed?

A

Yes at low pH acids but not by bases

39
Q

When does an N-glycosidic bond occur?

A

when an anomeric carbon of a sugar joined to a nitrogen atom in glycoproteins and nucleotides

40
Q

Name some important disaccharides

A

Maltose: glucose + glucose
Lactose: galactose + glucose
Sucrose: glucose + fructose
Trehalose: energy storage compound in some insects, bacteria and fungi

41
Q

What do glycosidic linkages form?

A

polysaccharides

42
Q

What is a homopolysaccharide?

A

contain a single type of monosaccharide and used in energy storage/structural components

43
Q

What is a heteropolysaccharide?

A

contain 2 or more different monosaccharides

44
Q

What are the functions of a heteropolysaccharide?

A

Structural

cell-cell signalling

45
Q

Name a polysaccharide and what its made out of

A

Starch - mixture of amylose and amylopectin

46
Q

What are some biological functions of starch?

A

In plants: stored form of glucose

In animal diets: amylase hydrolyses alpha bond releasing maltose which is converted to glucose by maltase

47
Q

Name 2 polysaccharides for structure?

A

Cellulose and chitin

48
Q

Where is peptidoglycan found?

A

In the cell wall of Gram-positive and negative bacteria

49
Q

What are the functions of peptidoglycan?

A

provides strength and rigidity to the cell wall

50
Q

What is agar made out of?

A

mixture of heteropolysaccharides (agarose and agaropectin)

Intro to Biochemistry (3 decks)

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