Carbohydrates and Nucleic acids

Question 1

What are covalent bonds?

Answer 1

Typical “bond” between atoms i.e the bonds between atoms in CO2

Question 2

What is an Ionic bond?

Answer 2

Bond dissociated by water, resulting in ions (charged atoms or molecules) i.e the bond between atoms in NaCl

Question 3

In biomechanical modules, the interactions between ions is called […] interactions.

Answer 3

In biomechanical modules, the interactions between ions is called electrostatic interactions.

Question 4

What are the three types of macromolecules?

Answer 4

1. polysaccharide
2. protein
3. nucleic acid

Question 5

What is a polysaccharide?

Answer 5

A marcromolecule made out of dozens of different monosaccarides

Question 6

What is a protein?

Answer 6

A macromolecule made out of 20 different amino acids

Question 7

What is a nucleic acid?

Answer 7

A macromolecule made out of 4 different nucleotides in DNA

Question 8

Biological polymers (macromolecules) are formed by […] of monomers, where a molecule is released during the reaction.

Answer 8

Biological polymers (macromolecules) are formed by condensation of monomers, where a molecule is released during the reaction

Question 9

Monosaccharides are […] monomers

Answer 9

Monosaccharides are carbohydrate monomers
“Carbohydrate” = carbon + water

Question 10

What is the chemical formula for carbohydrates?

Answer 10

(CH20)n where n is 3, 4, 5, or 6

Question 11

What are the primary functions of polysaccharides?

Answer 11

1. Energy stroage (glycogen) and structural support
2. Protein and lipid modification (“oligosaccharides”)

Question 12

What is DNA?

Answer 12

Deoxyribonucleic acid - the genetic material

Question 13

What is RNA?

Answer 13

ribonucleic acid - information transfer and other functions

Question 14

What are the monomers of DNA and RNA?

Answer 14

Nucleotides are the monomers of DNA and RNA and contains:
- Nitrogen-containing base
- Sugar
- Phosphate

Question 15

DNA uses […] nucleotides

Answer 15

DNA uses AGCT nucleotides

Question 16

RNA uses […] nucleotides

Answer 16

RNA uses AGCU nucleotides

Question 17

The base C is “cytosine” but when the base is connected to
ribose the molecule is called […] =>and if phosphate is also connected: […]

Answer 17

The base C is “cytosine” but when the base is connected to ribose the molecule is called cytidine.
=>and if phosphate is also connected: Cytidine mono-phosphate (“CMP”)

Question 18

Nucleotides are joined by a […] linkage

Answer 18

Nucleotides are joined by a phosphodiester linkage

Question 19

What does each letter in GATC stand for in DNA?

Answer 19

Guanine, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine

Question 20

The DNA in chromosomes is double stranded and the two strands are […]

Answer 20

The DNA in chromosomes is double stranded and the two strands are anti-parallel

Question 21

DNA acts as a template for its own […]

Answer 21

DNA acts as a template for its own duplication

Question 22

DNA is always synthesizes in the […] direction

Answer 22

DNA is always synthesized in the 5’-to-3’ direction

Question 23

DNA in chromosomes is highly compacted: […] enable formation of […]

Answer 23

DNA is chromosomes is a highly compacted: Histone proteins enable formation of chromatin

Question 24

What is the “Central Dogma” of Molecular Biology?

Answer 24

DNA Sequence is transcribed to an mRNA sequence that is translated to created a protein sequence

Question 25

Transscription produces an […] that is a complementary to the complementry to the “template” strand of DNA

Answer 25

Transscription produces an RNA that is a complementary to the complementry to the “template” strand of DNA

Question 26

What are the steps involved in transcription?

Answer 26

1. Transcription results in single-stranded RNA
2. RNA polymerase enzyme synthesizes the RNA
3. Template strand is read by RNA polymerase
4. The resulting RNA sequence is same as coding DNA strand except U instead of T

Question 27

Most RNAs are […] and can fold into specific structures using […]

Answer 27

Most RNAs are single-stranded and can fold into specific strcurres using base pairing