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Cell Biology and Signalling > Carbohydrates (Biological Molecules) > Flashcards

Carbohydrates (Biological Molecules) Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Large mol made from monosacc

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2
Q

What is the gen formula of carbs?

A

(CH2O)n

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3
Q

What is the function of glucose?

A
  • Energy source

- Broken down to smaller mol in series of reactions releasing energy cell can use to do work

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4
Q

What is the function of glycogen?

A
  • Energy storage

- long term storage of glucose

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5
Q

What’s special about cell surface proteins and why is this important?

A
  • Glycosylated = sugars added

- Important aspect of structure as diff glycos species attached to diff mol

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6
Q

Give 2 e.g.s of glycosylated species

A

ABO blood groups

Immunoglobulins

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7
Q

What is the sol of carbs?

A

Water-sol - hydrophilic, polar

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8
Q

What is a triose sugar?

A

Has 3 Cs

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9
Q

Give 2 e.g.s of triose sugars

A

Glyceraldehyde

Dihydroxyacetone

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10
Q

What is a pentose sugar?

A

Has 5 Cs

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11
Q

Give 2 e.g.s of ribose sugars

A

DNA

RNA

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12
Q

What is a hexose sugar?

A

Has 6 Cs

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13
Q

Give 2 e.g.s of hexose sugar

A

Glucose

Fructose

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14
Q

What are isomers?

A

Have same chem formula but diff structures

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15
Q

What are aldoses?

A

Contain aldehyde group

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16
Q

Give an e.g. of aldose

A

Glucose

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17
Q

What are ketoses?

A

Contain ketone group

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18
Q

Give an e.g. of a ketose

A

Fructose

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19
Q

Which 2 forms/OI do sugars exist in and which form do humans use?

A

D-form + L-form

D

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20
Q

Which C is C1?

21
Q

How many hexoses in % in linear form?

22
Q

What is the anomeric C?

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A

C of original C=O in cyclic form

23
Q

What is an alpha form of carb?

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A

OH group on anomeric C in down pos

24
Q

What is beta form of carb?

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A

OH group on anomeric C in up pos

25
Why are alpha/beta forms important?
For glycosidic bond formation between sugars
26
What happens to alpha and beta forms in sol?
In equilibrium and interconvert
27
What is a monosaccharide?
simplest sugars
28
Give 3 e.g.s of monosacc
Glucose Fructose Galactose
29
What is a disaccharide?
2 monosacc linked together by glycosidic bond
30
Give 3 e.g.s of disacc and constituents
Sucrose (glucose + fructose) Maltose (glucose + glucose) Lactose (galactose + glucose)
31
What is a polysaccharide?
Many monosacc linked together
32
Give e.g. of polysacc and constituent
Glycogen (glucose)
33
What is a glycosidic bond?
Covalent bond between -OH group of 1 sugar + -OH group of next by cond reaction
34
What happens in cond reaction?
H2O expelled
35
What is enz involved in glycosidic bond formation?
Glycosyltransferase | - involved in formation + breakdown of glycosidic bond
36
Why can't you have beta 1,4 links in humans?
Don't have enz for their formation/breakdown of cellulose
37
How is the glycosidic bond broken?
By hydrolysis
38
What happens during hydrolysis?
H2O mol consumed
39
What is a reducing sugar?
One where anomeric C is not attached to another mol
40
What is glycogen?
Linear glucose polymer with alpha 1,4 links and alpha 1,6 branches
41
What is adv of branched chains compared to linear chains and what does this allow in the case of glycogen?
- Many ends - free OH groups that can form links to other monosacc/mol for enz to act - Linear mol has just one end - Rapid breakdown of glycogen
42
How is glycogen digested in diet?
1 glucose removed from 1 end and enz act on ends
43
What is salivary alpha amylase?
Catalyses random hydrolysis of internal alpha 1,4 links in glycogen during 1st stage of glycogen digestion
44
What is pancreatic alpha amylase?
Catalyses further hydrolysis of glycogen into mix of monosacc + disacc in 2nd stage of glycogen digestion
45
What is maltase?
- produces glucose | - absorbed by intestinal mucosal cells in final stage of glycogen digestion
46
What occurs in mobilisation of glycogen in liver?
Glycogen phosphorylase hydrolyses terminal alpha 1,4 link to produce glucose 1-phosphate
47
What is lactose intolerance?
Can't met lactose correctly
48
What normally occurs in small intestine?
Lactose converted to galactose + glucose by lactase/Beta galactosidase
49
What causes lactose intolerance?
- red activity of Beta galactosidase - undigested lactose - gets digested by bacteria in large intestine - excess CO2 + other metabolites - cause bloating, diarrhoea etc

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