CARBOHYDRATES II

Question 1

can be used as a sample.

Answer 1

Whole blood, serum , plasma, CSF, serous fluid or urine

Question 2

preservative in evacuated tubes that prevents glycolysis and stable up to 24 hours at room temperature

Answer 2

sodium fluoride

Question 3

preservative in evacuated tubes that prevents clotting

Answer 3

potassium oxalate

Question 4

evacuated tube that contains sodium fluoride and potassium oxalate.

Answer 4

Evacuated gray top tube

Question 5

most commonly used specimen

Answer 5

Serum

Question 6

Fasting required is at least?

Answer 6

8 hour not longer than 16 hours

Question 7

Serum at room temperature, glucose concentration is stable up to ____ hours and up to ____ hours at _____

Answer 7

8
72
4C

Question 8

specimen that should be process immediately to avoid bacterial contamination.

Answer 8

CSF glucose

Question 9

Urine glucose in 24-hour specimen can be preserved by adding?

Answer 9

55mL glacial acetic acid

Question 10

Higher glucose level in capillary blood, ____ higher than venous blood

Answer 10

2-3%

Question 11

Blood glucose determination
Chemical Method
Enzymatic method
Dextrostix (ONLY ONE)

Answer 11

Chemical method
1. oxidation reduction method
2. condensation method

Enzymatic method
1. glucose oxidase
2. hexokinase
3. glucose dehydrogenase

Question 12

In alkaline pH Cupric ions is reduced to cuprous ion in the presence of reducing sugar.

Answer 12

Copper reduction method

Question 13

Most carbohydrates are reducing sugar except

Answer 13

sucrose

Question 14

Folin wu method (benedict’s test)
Reagent and Result

Answer 14

Reagent: phosphomolybdate
Result: molybdenum blue

Question 15

Nelson-Somogyi
Reagent and Result

Answer 15

Reagent: arsenomolybdate
Result: molybdenum blue

Question 16

Neocuproine method
Reagent and Result

Answer 16

Reagent: neocuproine
Result: yellow-orange red complex

Question 17

( Hagedorn Jensen method)
also known as

Answer 17

Ferric cyanide method

Question 18

Ferric cyanide method is also known a s

Answer 18

Hagedorn Jensen method

Question 19

reduce to ferrocyanide in the presence of reducing sugars

Answer 19

Ferric cyanide

Question 20

From colored reagent (yellow) to colorless and measured at 400 nm.

Answer 20

Ferric cyanide

Question 21

Reagent of Ferric cyanide method

Answer 21

Regent: hot alkaline solution of ferric cyanide.

Question 22

Chemical method Used in automated machines.

Answer 22

Ferric cyanide method

Question 23

Uses hot acidic medium to produce “enol” form of glucose which is the active reducing form of glucose to convert D-glucose to L-glucose.

Answer 23

Ortho -tuloidine method (dubowski method)

Question 24

(dubowski method) is also called

Answer 24

ortho- tuloidine method

Question 25

What method? Glucose + Glacial acetic + heat at 100C = green color measured at 620-630 nm

Answer 25

Condensation method Ortho -tuloidine method (dubowski method)

Question 26

The most common method (Enzymatic method), measures D-glucose.

Answer 26

Glucose oxidase method (GOD) Hexokinase method (HK) Glucose dehydrogenase method (GDH)

Question 27

colorimetric method aka

Answer 27

Glucose oxidase

Question 28

What enzymatic method? Enzyme glucose oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to gluconolactone and hydrogen peroxide, then the addition of enzyme peroxidase and chromogenic (oxygen acceptor) results in the formation of color that can be measured.

Answer 28

Colorimetric method

Question 29

Types of glucose oxidase method

Answer 29

Trinder's Reaction Gochman and Smitz method Polarographic Oxygen Electrode (Beckman analyzer)

Question 30

Glucose oxidase method Chromogens

Answer 30

O-dianisidine- blue color Aminoantipyine- rose pink color o-toluidine Dethyl p- phenylenediamine o-anisidine 3-methyl- 2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone, N,N dimethylalanine 4-aminophenazone

Question 31

Glucose oxidase Sources of error

Answer 31

Hemolyzed sample Icteric sample (presence of bilirubin) Ascorbic acid

Question 32

Phosphorylation of glucose by ATP is catalyzed by enzyme ______ to form glucose-6-phosphate and ADP

Answer 32

Hexokinase

Question 33

co-enzymes NADH and NAPH (reduced form)

Answer 33

NAD and (NADP) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Question 34

If G6PD source is yeast, what hexokinase is used?

Answer 34

NADP

Question 35

If G6PD source is bacteria, what hexokinase is used?

Answer 35

NAD

Question 36

derives from Bacillus cereus

Answer 36

Glucose dehydrogenase

Question 37

The enzyme glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes oxidation of glucose to ___?

Answer 37

gluconolactone

Question 38

Used for home monitoring/self monitoring of blood glucose

Answer 38

DEXTROSTIX method

Question 39

Quantitative test for glucose in whole blood

Answer 39

DEXTROSTIX method

Question 40

Uses cellulose strip impregnated with reagents which contains glucose oxidase, peroxidase and chromogen.

Answer 40

DEXTROSTIX method

Question 41

Laboratory findings in hyperglycemia

Answer 41

Increase plasma and urine glucose Elevated urine specific gravity Acidic urine Elevated serum osmolality Elevated urine osmolality Presence of ketonemia and ketonuria Decrease blood pH (acidosis) Electrolyte imbalance (low Na Cl and high K)

Question 42

Criteria for testing prediabetes and diabetes

Answer 42

Obese with a BMI of > 25 Sedentary life style High blood pressure History of cardiovascular disease. High impaired glucose tolerance test (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and HBA1C. Lipid profile test: Triglycerides (250 mg/dl) and HDL (<35 mg/dl). History of GDM (female) or delivering an overweight baby ( 9.1 lbs./4 kg). Female with PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome)- high risk for GDM. Family history of diabetes.

Question 43

With symptoms of diabetes mellitus Random blood sugar (RBS) Results?

Answer 43

≥ 200 mg/dl (≥ 11.1 mmol/L)

Question 44

With symptoms of diabetes mellitus Fasting blood sugar (FBS)- most preferred method. Results?

Answer 44

≥ 126 mg/dl (≥ 7.0 mmol/L)

Question 45

With symptoms of diabetes mellitus 2-hour post prandial Results?

Answer 45

≥ 200 mg/dl (≥ 11.1 mmol/L)

Question 46

With symptoms of diabetes mellitus Urine glucose Results?

Answer 46

Positive (glucosuria)

Question 47

With symptoms of diabetes mellitus HBA1C Results?

Answer 47

Greater than 6.5 %

Question 48

Not used for diagnosis but for monitoring purposes.

Answer 48

Urine glucose

Question 48

occurs when the blood glucose exceed 180 mg/dl, excess is excreted in urine.

Answer 48

Glucosuria

Question 49

≥ 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/L) two hour or more after mixed meal is diagnostic of DM

Answer 49

Two-hour Postprandial plasma glucose

Question 50

Serial measurement of plasma glucose before and after glucose is given orally.

Answer 50

OGTT (Oral glucose tolerance test)

Question 51

administer standard oral glucose load, 75 grams

Answer 51

Post-challenge Plasma glucose

Question 52

NDDG stands for?

Answer 52

National diabetes data group

Question 53

FBS 1st hour 2nd hour 3rd hour at lease 2 values must exceed the following values to confirm GDM

Answer 53

105 mg/dl 190 mg/dl 165 mg/dl 145 mg/dl

Question 54

Used to diagnosis and for management of diabetes.

Answer 54

GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN (HbA1c)

Question 55

It reflects the blood glucose level for the past 3 months (RBCs life span).

Answer 55

GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN (HbA1c)

Question 56

Glucose combined with hemoglobin to form ?

Answer 56

GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN (HbA1c)

Question 57

Amount of ____ is directly proportional to blood glucose.

Answer 57

GLYCATED HEMOGLOBIN

Question 57

Method of measurement: affinity chromatography

Answer 57

GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN (HbA1c)

Question 58

Specimen: hemolyzed EDTA blood.

Answer 58

GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN (HbA1c)

Question 59

GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN (HbA1c) Significane what values indicates Normal Diagnostic of pre-diabetes Diagnostic of diabetes

Answer 59

5.6% 5.7-6.4% > or = 6.5%

Question 60

Diabetic patient should maintain___ and below level. (above leads to diabetic complications)

Answer 60

6 %

Question 61

Diabetic patient should maintain a ≤ 6 % HB1c. Uncontrolled blood sugar level will result to

Answer 61

macrovascular and microvascular complications.

Question 62

For patient with diabetes and GDM. monitors the blood glucose level on a daily basis using a

Answer 62

glucose meter

Question 63

The purpose of monitoring blood glucose level is to?

Answer 63

maintain glycemic control and prevent hypoglycemia

Question 64

helps to adjust insulin dosage, dietary intake or physical activity.

Answer 64

Glycemic control