carbohydrates (new)

Question 1

organic compounds (definition)

Answer 1

• carbon containing compounds found in living things (biological systems)

+ has ability to form long chains
+ stable bonds

Question 2

organic compounds are all…

Answer 2

+ macromolecules (very large – linking many smaller molecules covalently)
+ large molecules
+ composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms

Question 3

macromolecules

Answer 3

+ polymers: starch, proteins, and dna
+ built from repeating units called: monomers

Question 4

four groups of macromolecules:

Answer 4

• carbohydrates
• fats/lipids
• protein
• nucleic acids

Question 5

what class or large molecules does not consist of polymers

Answer 5

lipids
+ made of fatty acids and glycerol

Question 6

carbohydrates (definition)

Answer 6

• composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
  ratio of hydrogen to oxygen:
  2: 1

Question 7

monosaccharides and disaccharides are…___ sugars

Answer 7

simple sugars
- single, double sugars

Question 8

polysaccharides are…__ sugars

Answer 8

complex sugars

Question 9

simple sugars properties:

Answer 9

• soluble in water, exerts osmotic pressure
• sweet to taste

Question 10

single sugar:

Answer 10

monosaccharide
- monomer
- cannot by hydrolysed to simpler carbohydrates

Question 11

disaccharide:double sugars

Answer 11

disaccharide
- dimer
- can be hydrolysed into simpler carbohydrates

Question 12

complex sugat

Answer 12

polysaccharide
- polymer
- can be hydrolysed to simpler carbohydrates

Question 13

complex sugar properties:

Answer 13

• insoluble in water -> does not exert osmotic pressure
• does not taste sweet

Question 14

monosaccharide examples:

Answer 14

• glucose
• fructose
• galactose

Question 15

disaccharide examples;

Answer 15

maltose (glucose + glucose)
lactose (glucose + galactose)
sucrose (fructose + glucose)

Question 16

polysaccharide examples

Answer 16

• starch
• glycogen
• cellulose

Question 17

monasacchardie formula

Answer 17

(CH2O)n
- n is number of carbon atoms in molecule

Question 18

glucose

Answer 18

c6h12o6
- hexose sugar (six carbon atoms)
- most common mono~
- oxidised to release energy in the form of ATP
- soluble in water due to hydroxyl groups that form hydrogen bonds
- ensures efficient transport within aqueous biological fluids (blood, sap)
- facilitates movement across cellular environments, enabling glucose to serve as energy source.

Question 19

glucose transportability

Answer 19

• enhance by facilitated diffusion, allowing it to move across plasma/cell membrane efficiently
• chemical stability under physiological conditions -> reduce likelihood of undesirable reactions during storage and transport

Question 20

complete oxidation of glucose (pathways)

Answer 20

• glycolysis
• complete oxidation of single glucose molecules creating substantial amount of ATP (cells primary energy currency)
• indispensable substrate for sustaining cellular functions

Question 21

fructose

Answer 21

• hexose sugar (six carbon atoms)
• isomer of glucose (same formula, diff arangement)
• constituent of nectar – sweetens fruits
• required for synthesis of sucrose

Question 22

galactose

Answer 22

• hexose sugar
• isomer of glucose
• naturally occurring sugar in sugar beets

Question 23

chemical formula or glucose, fructose, galactose

Answer 23

C6H12O6 – glucose
fructose and galactose -> isomers (same formula, diff arrangement)

Question 24

how disaccharides are produced

Answer 24

• created through the condensation reaction between two monosaccharides
• joined by glycosidic bond

Question 25

condensation reaction (disaccharides)

Answer 25

- joining two monosaccharides with the removal of water (so product)

Question 26

glycosidic bond !!!

Answer 26

chemical bond between the two monosaccharides are covalent.

Question 27

how to break disaccharide into monosaccharide

Answer 27

- add one molecule of water to break glycosidic bond - hydrolysis

Question 28

condensation properties

Answer 28

- require energy - energetically unfavourable - removable of one H2) for everyy covalent bond formed - enzyme mediated

Question 29

hydrolisis

Answer 29

- does not require energy - energetically unavailable - addition of one H2) to break on covalent bond - enzyme mediated

Question 30

hydrolysis chemical method

Answer 30

- incubate disaccharide with dilute acid at 100°c

Question 31

hydrolysis enzymatic method

Answer 31

-- incubate the disaccharide with enzyme at room temp

Question 32

maltose

Answer 32

glucose + glucose - condensation reaction w production of h20 (removal)

Question 33

lactose

Answer 33

galactose + glucose - condensation where there is H20 production

Question 34

sucrose

Answer 34

glucose + fructose - condensation where there is H2O production

Question 35

polysaccharides

Answer 35

polymers of monosaccharides - formed when condensation occurs between many monosaccharides Cx(H2O)y - sugar monomers and positions of glycosidic bonds contribute to the structure and function of a polysaccharide.

Question 36

polysaccharides exampels:

Answer 36

- starch - glycogen - cellulose

Question 37

starch

Answer 37

complex carbohydrates - storage polysaccharides - insoluble in water -> osmotically inactive and can be stored much more compactly - starch is a polymer of glucose monomers

Question 38

glycogen

Answer 38

- storage polysaccharide - polymer entirely of glucose monomers - insoluble in water-> osmotically inactive and can be stored much more compactly - stored in liver and muscle cells

Question 39

cellulose

Answer 39

- mainly found in plants - structural polysaccharide - give plant their overall shape and physical strength - glucose monomers