Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIOCHEMISTRY > Carbohydrates of Physiologic Significance > Flashcards

Carbohydrates of Physiologic Significance Flashcards

(64 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

The 💡most important carbohydrate/ monosaccharide

The 💡major metabolic fuel of mammals (except ruminants) and a 💡universal fuel of the fetus

the precursor for synthesis of all the other carbohydrates in the body

A

GLUCOSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The study of the 💡roles of sugars in health and disease.

A

GLYCOBIOLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The 💡entire complement of sugars of an organism, whether free or present in more complex molecules.

A

GLYCOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Analogous term to 💡genomics and proteomics, is the 💡comprehensive study of glycomes, including genetic, physiological, pathological, and other aspects.

A

GLYCOMICS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Classification of carbohydrates

A

MONOSACCHARIDES
DISACCHARIDES
OLIGOSACCHARIDES
POLYSACCHARIDES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Those sugars that 💡cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler carbohydrates

A

MONOSACCHAIDES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Classification of monosaccharides depending upon the 💡number of carbon atoms (3-7)

A 
TRIOSES
TETROSES
PENTOSES
HEXOSES
HEPTOSES
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Classification of monosaccharides whether they have an 💡aldehyde or ketone group

A

ALDOSES

KETOSES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q 
Example of the following sugars:
Trioses
Tetroses
Pentoses
Hexoses
Heptoses
A

Respectively:
ALDOSES/KETOSES

GLYCEROSE(GLYCERALDEHYDE)/ DIHYDROXYACETONE
ERYTHROSE/ ERYTHRULOSE
RIBOSE/ RIBULOSE
GLUCOSE/ FRUCTOSE
-/ SEDOHEPTULOSE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

condensation products of two monosaccharide units

A

DISACCHARIDES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A 
LACTOSE
MALTOSE
ISOMALTOSE
SUCROSE
TREHALOSE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Formed by reaction between the 💡aldehyde group and a hydroxyl group

Accounts for the other 💡properties of carbohydrates.

A

HEMIACETAL (CYCLIC STRUCTURE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How many 💡asymmetric carbon can be seen with 💡glucose?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many 💡isomers can be form with glucose?

A

16

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

It is a 💡three carbon sugar

A

Glycerose (glyceraldehyde)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The —OH group on this carbon is on the 💡right

A

D Isomer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The —OH group on this carbon is on the 💡left

A

L isomer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Most of the naturally occurring monosaccharides are __.

A

D sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The presence of (1)__ also confers (2)__ on the compound.

A

(1) asymmetric carbon atoms

(2) optical activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The direction of rotation of polarized light is __ of the sugar, so it may be designated D(−), D(+), L(−), or L(+).

A

independent of the stereochemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In solution, glucose is (1)__, and glucose solutions are sometimes known as (2)__.

A

(1) dextrorotatory

(2) dextrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

For glucose in solution, more than 99% is in the __ form.

A

pyranose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Crystalline glucose

A

α-D-glucopyranose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

These are isomers differing as a result of 💡variations in configuration of the —OH and —H on carbon atoms 2, 3, and 4 of glucose.

A

Epimers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Glucose epimerized at 💡carbon 2
Mannose
26
Glucose epimerized at 💡carbon 4
Galactose
27
Chemically, aldoses are reducing compounds, and are sometimes known as __.
Reducing sugars
28
Sugar important in 💡nucleotides, 💡nucleic acids, and 💡several coenzymes.
Pentoses
29
These are sugars which are 💡physiologically the most important hexoses
Glucose, galactose, fructose, and mannose
30
It is a 💡carboxylic acid derivative of glucose important for 💡glucuronide formation and in glycosaminoglycans
D-glucuronate
31
It is a carboxylic acid derivative of glucose which is an 💡intermediate in the uronic acid pathway.
l-gulonate
32
These are formed by 💡condensation between the💡hydroxyl group of the anomeric carbon of a monosaccharide, and a second compound that may be another monosaccharide or, in the case of an aglycone, not a sugar
GLYCOSIDES
33
It is a 💡bond formed when the hydroxyl group of the anomeric carbon of a monosaccharide also condensed with a hydroxyl group.
O-glycosidic bond
34
Why do O-glycosidic bond is an acetal link?
Because it results from a reaction between a hemiacetal group (formed from an aldehyde and an [OH group) and another [OH group.
35
It is a bond formed when the 💡hydroxyl group of the anomeric carbon of a monosaccharide condensed with an 💡amine.
N-glycosidic bond
36
These are sugars in which one 💡hydroxyl group has been replaced by hydrogen.
Deoxy Sugars
37
It is a sugar that is used experimentally as an 💡inhibitor of glucose metabolism.
2-deoxyglucose
38
It is an amino sugar which is a 💡constituent of hyaluronic acid.
D-glucosamine
39
It is an amino sugar which is a 💡constituent of chondroitin.
D-galactosamine
40
Other name for D-galactosamine
Chondrosamine
41
Hydrolysis of sucrose yields a mixture of (1)__ called (2)__ because fructose is strongly (3)__ and changes (inverts) the weaker dextrorotatory action of sucrose.
(1) glucose and fructose (2) "invert sugar" (3) levorotatory
42
It is a homopolymer of glucose forming an α-glucosidic chain, called a 💡glucosan or 💡glucan. It is the 💡most important dietary carbohydrate in cereals, potatoes, legumes, and other vegetables.
Starch
43
2 Main constituent of starch:
Amylose | Amylopectin
44
It is a constituent of starch which has a 💡nonbranching helical structure.
Amylose
45
It is a constituent of starch which consists of branched chains consists of 24 to 30 glucose residues.
Anylopectin
46
It is the glycosidic linkage of amylopectin in the chains.
α1 → 4 linkages
47
It is the glycosidic linkage of amylopectin in the branch points.
α1 → 6 linkages
48
It is a measure of its digestibility, based on the extent to which it raises the blood concentration of glucose compared with an equivalent amount of glucose or a reference food such as white bread or boiled rice.
glycemic index
49
It is the storage polysaccharide in animals and is sometimes called animal starch. It is a 💡more highly branched structure than amylopectin, with chains of 12 to 15 α-D-glucopyranose residues (in α1 → 4 glucosidic linkage) with branching by means of α1 → 6 glucosidic bonds.
Glycogen
50
It is a 💡polysaccharide of fructose (a fructosan) found in tubers and roots of dahlias, artichokes, and dandelions. It is use to determine the 💡glomerular filtration rate but it is 💡not hydrolyzed by intestinal enzymes, so has no nutritional value.
Inulin
51
These are 💡intermediates in the hydrolysis of starch.
Dextrins
52
It is the 💡chief constituent of plant cell walls.
Cellulose
53
Cellulose is insoluble and consists of (1)__ linked by (2)__ to form long, straight chains strengthened by cross-linking (3)__.
(1) β-D-glucopyranose units (2) β1 → 4 bonds (3) hydrogen bonds
54
It is an important source of 💡“bulk” in the diet, and the major component of dietary fiber.
CELLULOSE
55
It is a structural polysaccharide in the 💡exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects, and also in mushrooms.
Chitin
56
Chitin consists of (1)__ joined by (2)__ glycosidic bonds.
(1) N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units | (2) β1 → 4
57
It is a 💡polymer of galacturonic acid linked α-1→ 4, with some galactose an/or arabinose branches, and is 💡partially methylated.
Pectin
58
These are complex carbohydrates containing 💡amino sugars and uronic acids.
Glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides)
59
It is form when 💡glycosaminoglycans attached to a 💡protein molecule
Proteoglycans
60
It provide the 💡ground or packing substance of the connective tissue. They 💡hold large quantities of water and occupy space, thus cushioning or lubricating other structures.
Proteoglycans
61
It is the 💡primer molecule for glycogen synthesis
Glycogenin
62
These are proteins containing 💡branched or unbranched oligosaccharide chains. They occur in 💡cell membranes and many proteins are glycosylated.
Glycoproteins (also known as mucoproteins)
63
These are N- or O-acyl derivatives of 💡neuraminic acid and are constituents of both 💡glycoproteins and 💡gangliosides.
Sialic Acids
64
It is a ninecarbon sugar derived from mannosamine (an epimer of glucosamine) and pyruvate.
Neuraminic acid

BIOCHEMISTRY (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions