Carbohydrates Test 2 Flashcards
(25 cards)
What is the role of carbohydrates in the body?
They supply glucose to cells for eneergy.
What is glucose stored as?
Glycogen
Where is glycogen stored and how is it released?
Liver - released via hydrolysis into blood
Muscle - hoards glycogen for its own use
What is gluconeogenesis?
Making glucose from protein. The conversion of certain amino acids from body tissues and diet
What is ketosis
Fat fragments hoin to form ketone bodies and provide fuel when body is low on carbohydrates
How is blood glucose homeostasis maintained?
Insulin hormone - glucose from blood into cells
Glucagen hormone - glucose from liver cells into blood
What consistently supplies glucose into bloodstream?
Liver and intestines
What is bodys response when blood glucose levels rise?
- pancrease release insulin
- insulin stimulate uptake of glucose into cells and storage as glycogen in muscle and liver as well as conversion of excess glucose into fat for storage
What is bodys response to declining blood glucose levels?
- stimulates pancrease to release glucagon into bloodstream
- glucogon stimulate liver cells to break down glycogen and release glucose in blood
Define type 1 & 2 diabetes?
Type 1: body is unable to produce insulin
Type 2: cells are unable to respond to insulin
What is the glycemic response?
Speed of glucose abosorbtion, blood glucose rises, and speed it returns to normal
What is the glycemic load?
Glycemic intakes x(times) carbohydrate amount
What are common harms of sugar?
Nutrient deficiencies - displace calories that contain nutrients
Dental Caries - sugars fermented to acid by bacteria erodes enamel
What are the recommended intakes of sugar?
Canadas food guide - limit foods with added sugar
DRI - no upper limit, >25% of total daily energy from sugar
WHO - >10% of total daily energy and >5% is better
What are artificial sweeteners
Non nutritive (dont provide energy) Safe in moderate doeses
What is stevia?
Herbal product
Used on its own or added to acceptable foods
What are sugar alcohols
Nutritive (0.2-4 Cal)
No dental caries and low GI
GI issues when absorbed in large quantities
What are characteristics of soluble fibres
Soluble, viscous, fermentable
What actions do soluble fibres have in the body?
Lower blood cholesteol by binding bile
Slow glucose absorbtion
Slow transit of food through upper GI tract
What are health benefits of soluble fibres?
Lower risk of heart disease
Lower risk of diabetes
Lower risk of colon cancer
What are characterisitics of insoluble fibres?
Insoluble, nonviscous, leas fermentable
What actions do insoluble fibres have in the body?
Increase fecal weight and speed fecal passage through colon
Provide bulk and feelings of fullness
What are health benefits of insoluble fibres?
May help with weight management
Alleviate constipation
What are some harmful effects of fibres
May reduce caloric intake
Suddenly introducing fibre may lead to abdominal discomfort, gas, diarrhea
