Carbon Flashcards
(263 cards)
1
Q
What is carbon’s significance to life?
A
Carbon is an essential building block to life.
2
Q
What percentage of all biomass on Earth is made of carbon?
A
50% of all biomass on Earth is made of carbon.
3
Q
What percentage of the human body is made up of carbon?
A
Carbon makes up 18% of our bodies.
4
Q
What type of molecules does carbon easily bond to form?
A
Carbon bonds very easily to form molecules.
5
Q
Fill in the blank: Carbohydrates = carbon + _______
A
hydrogen
6
Q
Fill in the blank: Calcium carbonate = carbon + calcium + _______
A
oxygen
7
Q
Where is carbon found?
A
Carbon in organic and inorganic forms is found in all environments and ecosystems.
8
Q
What is the process called that moves carbon from store to store?
A
the carbon cycle
9
Q
What percentage of all carbon is contained in the biosphere?
A
0.0012%
10
Q
What does the biosphere consist of?
A
The biosphere consists of trees, plants and all other living organisms both on the land and in the sea.
11
Q
How do plants in the biosphere obtain carbon?
A
Through photosynthesis, plants convert the sun’s energy and carbon in the air into carbohydrates.
12
Q
How much carbon is stored in the biosphere?
A
The Biosphere contains 560 billion tonnes of carbon.
13
Q
What regions have high primary productivity in terms of carbon stores?
A
Tropical rainforests such as the Amazon and temperate forests.
14
Q
What percentage of Earth’s carbon is found in the atmosphere?
A
0.0017%
15
Q
How much carbon is contained in the atmosphere?
A
Contains 750 billion tonnes of carbon.
16
Q
What gases contribute to atmospheric carbon?
A
carbon dioxide and methane.
17
Q
What has caused a 36% increase in carbon dioxide levels over the last century?
A
Vehicle emissions, the burning of fossil fuels for power and deforestation.
18
Q
What is the impact of deforestation on atmospheric carbon?
A
Deforestation results in less carbon being sequestered from the atmosphere for photosynthesis.
19
Q
What effect does increased carbon have on the environment?
A
It is driving the enhanced greenhouse effect and global warming.
20
Q
What percentage of Earth’s carbon is found in the pedosphere?
A
0.0031%
21
Q
What is peat soil primarily composed of?
A
60% carbon.
22
Q
What happens to organic matter over millions of years to form fossil fuels?
A
It gets buried deeper and deeper, and heat and pressure builds up.
23
Q
What percentage of Earth’s carbon is stored in fossil fuels?
A
0.004%
24
Q
What is the carbon content of the hydrosphere?
A
0.038% of Earth’s carbon.
25
How much carbon is contained in the hydrosphere?
Contains 38,000 billion tonnes.
26
How does the carbon content of the hydrosphere compare to the atmosphere?
There is 50 times more carbon in the hydrosphere than in the atmosphere.
27
What form is 90% of the carbon in the hydrosphere found?
Dissolved in sea water as bicarbonate.
28
What percentage of Earth's carbon is stored in the lithosphere?
99.9%
29
What is the greatest store of carbon on Earth?
Marine sediments and sedimentary rocks.
30
What is limestone primarily made up of?
Shells of sea creatures deposited millions of years ago.
31
What is one of the most versatile elements in nature?
Carbon
## Footnote
Carbon forms more compounds than any other element.
32
Where can carbon be found?
In life forms, sedimentary rock, diamonds, graphite, coal, and petroleum
## Footnote
Petroleum includes oil and natural gas.
33
What role does carbon play in regulating our climate?
It makes the climate warm enough to survive
## Footnote
Carbon is stored within rocks, plants, and the ocean.
34
What is Carbon Dioxide's chemical formula?
CO2
## Footnote
Carbon Dioxide is found in the atmosphere, soil, and ocean.
35
In which environments can Methane (CH4) be found?
Atmosphere, soil, oceans, and sedimentary rocks
## Footnote
Methane is a gas.
36
What is the chemical formula for Calcium Carbonate?
CaCO3
## Footnote
Calcium Carbonate is a solid found in calcareous rock, oceans, and skeletons and shells of ocean creatures.
37
What are Hydrocarbons represented by in chemical formula?
Cn H2n+2
## Footnote
Hydrocarbons can be solids, liquids, or gases and are found in sedimentary rocks, coal, oil, and gas.
38
What are Biomolecules?
Complex carbon compounds produced in living things
## Footnote
Examples include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, oils, and DNA.
39
Fill in the blank: Carbon is key to regulating our _______.
climate
40
True or False: Carbon is only found in living organisms.
False
## Footnote
Carbon is also found in rocks and various natural resources.
41
What percentage of carbon is stored in Boreal Forests?
26%
## Footnote
Boreal Forests are the largest biome stores of carbon.
42
What percentage of carbon is stored in Tropical Forests?
20%
## Footnote
Tropical Forests are the second largest biome stores of carbon.
43
What is the main threat to Tropical Forests?
Slash and burn deforestation
## Footnote
This clears a football pitch of Tropical Forest each second.
44
What is the usual use for land cleared from Tropical Forests?
Agricultural land
## Footnote
Products such as palm oil or land for cattle to graze.
45
What is the Net Primary Productivity of Carbon Storage in Plants?
Tropics sequester carbon more efficiently
## Footnote
The tropics are known for their high efficiency in carbon sequestration.
46
When is the rate of photosynthesis highest globally?
August
## Footnote
This month sees a higher level of carbon intake worldwide.
47
When does the northern hemisphere have a lower rate of carbon intake?
December
## Footnote
Photosynthesis slows in the northern hemisphere during this month.
48
Define Transfers/Fluxes in the context of the carbon cycle.
Processes by which carbon moves between stores
## Footnote
Transfers or fluxes are essential for understanding carbon movement.
49
What is a Net Carbon Sink?
More carbon enters a store than leaves it
## Footnote
This indicates a positive carbon balance.
50
What is a Net Carbon Source?
More carbon leaves a store than enters it
## Footnote
This indicates a negative carbon balance.
51
List key factors driving change in the carbon cycle.
* Global Warming
* Photosynthesis
* Respiration
* Decomposition
* Combustion
* Ocean - Atmosphere Exchange
* Biological Carbon Pump
* Carbon Sequestration in Oceans and sediment
* Weathering and Volcanoes
## Footnote
These factors influence the dynamics of the carbon cycle.
52
What Processes are part of the fast Carbon Cycle
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration
- Decomposition
- Biomass combustion
- Ocean Atmosphere Exchange
- Biological Carbon Pump
53
What Processes are part of the Slow Carbon Cycle
- Burrial and Compaction
- Weathering
- Volcanic Activity
54
What is carbon sequestration?
The processes involving capturing CO2 from the atmosphere and putting it into long-term storage.
## Footnote
Includes terrestrial and biological sequestration.
55
What is terrestrial and biological sequestration?
Occurs when plants capture CO2 from the atmosphere and store it in the stems, roots of plants, and soil.
## Footnote
Plants play a crucial role in this process.
56
What is the carbon budget?
The amount of carbon that is stored and transferred within the carbon cycle.
## Footnote
It reflects the balance of carbon inputs and outputs.
57
What happens when the amount of carbon coming in equals the amount going out?
The carbon cycle is in equilibrium.
58
What are the natural causes of change in atmospheric carbon?
Natural Climate Change, Wildfires, Volcanic Activity
## Footnote
These causes lead to fluctuations in atmospheric CO2 and global temperatures.
59
What is the role of natural climate change in atmospheric carbon levels?
Global climates fluctuated between warm interglacial and colder glacial periods, affecting CO2 concentrations
## Footnote
The natural greenhouse effect plays a significant role in this process.
60
How do wildfires impact atmospheric carbon?
Turn forests from a carbon sink to a source, releasing large quantities of carbon back into the atmosphere
## Footnote
Wildfires can be started naturally or deliberately.
61
What is the contribution of volcanic activity to atmospheric carbon?
Volcanoes emit between 130 and 180 million tonnes of carbon dioxide per year
## Footnote
This is significantly lower than the 30 billion tonnes emitted by human activities.
62
What are the anthropogenic causes of change in atmospheric carbon?
Hydrocarbon Extraction + Burning, Land Use Change
## Footnote
These activities significantly increase atmospheric CO2 levels.
63
What is the impact of hydrocarbon extraction and burning on atmospheric carbon?
Releases CO2 as a biproduct of combustion, enhancing the greenhouse effect
## Footnote
This has been driven by rapid industrialization since the industrial revolution.
64
What percentage of global carbon release is attributed to land use change?
About 10%
## Footnote
Deforestation for agriculture or urban expansion contributes to this release.
65
How does deforestation affect atmospheric carbon levels?
Releases CO2 from existing plants and replaces them with a carbon source or less effective carbon sink
## Footnote
Methane can also be produced from agricultural practices.
66
Fill in the blank: Wildfires can be started naturally by _______.
lightning strikes
67
True or False: Volcanic activity currently emits more carbon dioxide than human activities.
False
## Footnote
Human activities emit about 30 billion tonnes of CO2 per year.
68
What is the effect of rapid industrialization on atmospheric carbon?
Increases the burning of fossil fuels, leading to higher CO2 emissions
## Footnote
Fossil fuels are formed from the remains of living organisms.
69
What has been the fluctuation range of global atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the last 800,000 years?
180 to 280 parts per million
## Footnote
Currently, due to human activity, the concentration has reached 420 parts per million.
70
How has temperature changed in relation to CO2 concentration over the last 800,000 years?
Temperature has broadly followed the patterns in fluctuation in CO2 concentration.
71
What is the impact of human activity on CO2 concentrations compared to the last 800,000 years?
Human activity has led to CO2 concentrations rising to extreme highs.
72
What is happening to atmospheric CO2 levels due to human activity?
Atmospheric CO2 is rising at an increasingly rapid rate.
73
Which carbon store is experiencing a greater rate of change than others?
Atmospheric carbon store.
74
What is the effect of additional atmospheric CO2 on global vegetation mass?
It is thought to stimulate more vegetation growth on Earth.
75
What is the current state of the cryosphere in terms of carbon absorption?
It is charging slowly and currently acts as a net carbon sink.
76
What is stimulating vegetation growth in tundra areas?
Warmer, longer growing seasons.
77
What gases are being released from melting permafrost?
CO2 and methane.
78
How do oceans function as carbon stores?
They exchange surplus carbon with the atmosphere and recycle carbon through ocean currents, marine sediments, and marine biomass.
79
What is affecting the oceans' capacity to absorb CO2?
Warming of the oceans.
80
What is released due to permafrost melting in tundra environments?
Large amounts of stored carbon in the form of methane and carbon dioxide
## Footnote
Methane is a particularly potent greenhouse gas.
81
What percentage of ice and carbon composes the layers of organic-rich permafrost?
50-90% ice and 2% carbon
## Footnote
These layers are formed from organic matter accumulated over 2.5 million years.
82
How long has organic matter accumulated in permafrost?
2.5 million years
## Footnote
This accumulation occurred during periods of ice advances and retreats.
83
What effect does warming conditions have on the growing season for plants in the Siberian tundra?
The growing season is extending and growing conditions become more conducive
## Footnote
Higher atmospheric CO2 levels also contribute to optimal growth conditions.
84
What is the potential downside of higher temperatures in tundra environments?
Thawing of permafrost
## Footnote
While new plants absorb CO2, thawing ice releases large amounts of carbon into the atmosphere.
85
What is the significance of the Yedoma region?
It covers over 1 million square kilometers and hosts a thick layer of permafrost
## Footnote
This region is thought to contain between 210-450 gigatonnes of carbon.
86
How much carbon is estimated to be stored in permafrost overall?
1400 gigatonnes
## Footnote
The Yedoma region's carbon content represents a significant proportion of this total.
87
Fill in the blank: The Yedoma region is thought to contain between _______ gigatonnes of carbon.
210 - 450 gigatonnes
88
True or False: Methane is less potent than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas.
False
## Footnote
Methane is known to be extremely potent compared to carbon dioxide.
89
What stimulates the growth of tundra vegetation?
Atmospheric carbon absorption
## Footnote
Tundra vegetation draws down a significant quantity of atmospheric carbon, storing it as organic plant material.
90
What is the current net balance of carbon in the tundra environment?
Tundra acts as a carbon sink
## Footnote
More carbon is absorbed by active vegetation than melting permafrost releases.
91
What could happen if temperature continues to rise in the tundra environment?
Tipping point reaching positive feedback cycle
## Footnote
Enhanced vegetative growth may be replaced by net release of CO2 and CH4.
92
What is the potential consequence of a positive feedback cycle in the tundra?
Accelerated rates of global warming
## Footnote
This scenario could lead to 'runaway' global warming.
93
What international conference aimed to address global temperature rise?
COP21 in Paris
## Footnote
Held in December 2015, it sought agreement to limit global temperature rise to no more than 2°C.
94
Fill in the blank: The tundra environment currently absorbs more carbon than _______.
melting permafrost releases
95
True or False: Tundra vegetation contributes to atmospheric carbon levels.
False
## Footnote
Tundra vegetation absorbs atmospheric carbon, acting as a carbon sink.
96
What has been the focus of intense research regarding atmospheric CO2?
The impact of increasing atmospheric CO2 on the land
## Footnote
Results are unclear due to the relatively short study period and various influencing variables.
97
What percentage of atmospheric CO2 has diffused into the oceans?
About 30%
## Footnote
This diffusion creates carbonic acid, affecting ocean alkalinity.
98
What change has occurred in the ocean's surface pH since 1750?
It has dropped by 0.1
## Footnote
This indicates increased acidity due to carbonic acid formation.
99
What do carbonate ions in the water react with to form bicarbonates?
Carbonic acid
## Footnote
Carbonate ions are essential for coral and planktonic species to create calcium carbonate shells.
100
What is the effect of decreased carbonate availability on certain marine species?
Species must expend more energy to build their shells, resulting in thinner and more fragile shells
## Footnote
This impacts coral and many planktonic species.
101
How does ocean warming affect phytoplankton?
It causes a decrease in their abundance
## Footnote
Phytoplankton thrive in cooler, nutrient-rich waters.
102
What is the consequence of ocean warming on coral reefs?
It leads to coral bleaching and eventually coral death
## Footnote
This occurs due to the killing of symbiotic algae that coral needs to grow.
103
What role does carbon dioxide play in the growth of plants and phytoplankton?
It is essential for their growth
## Footnote
An increase in CO2 can enhance their growth, leading to more CO2 uptake from the water.
104
What has happened to sea ice coverage?
It has begun to melt, retreating by 40%
## Footnote
This melting indicates climate warming and contributes to a positive feedback loop.
105
What is a positive feedback loop in the context of ocean warming?
Ocean (high albedo) takes in more heat than ice (low albedo)
## Footnote
More ocean water leads to further ocean heating.
106
Fill in the blank: Carbonic acid makes the oceans slightly less _______.
alkaline
## Footnote
The formation of carbonic acid reduces the ocean's pH.
107
What percentage of short wave solar radiation is reflected back by the atmosphere and clouds?
30%
108
What percentage of radiation is absorbed by gases in the atmosphere after traveling through it?
20%
109
What percentage of heat radiation is absorbed by the earth's land and ocean surface?
50%
110
What type of radiation is released by the earth after absorbing heat?
Long wave radiation
111
What percentage of the earth's longwave radiation is further absorbed or reflected by greenhouse gases?
5%
112
What is the process called when extra CO2 and other greenhouse gases cause an imbalance in energy?
Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
113
What does radioactive forcing measure?
The balance between incoming and outgoing energy
114
What is the unit of measurement for radioactive forcing?
Watts per meter squared
115
Prior to what year was radioactive forcing negligible?
1750
116
What are two reasons for the increase in radioactive forcing since 1750?
* Increased greenhouse emissions
* Changing albedos due to land use changes
117
Fill in the blank: The amount that the earth's energy budget is out of balance by is called _______.
Radioactive forcing
118
True or False: The earth's land and ocean do not absorb reflected greenhouse radiation.
False
119
Which Biomes Contain the most carbon
Tropical Rainforests
120
Describe and Explain the negative feedback cycle for carbon in Tundra environments
- As greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere increases global temperatures rise.
- Warming of the tundra causes permafrost to thaw
- The reduction in permafrost coverage on ground means that more there is more land for plants to grow as less is covered by permafrost.
- More Carbon is able to be sequestered from the atmosphere by these trees so the global greenhouse gas concentration decreases
121
Describe and Explain the positive feedback cycle for carbon in oceans
- Global temperatures rise due to global warming. This causes oceans to warm.
- Warmer oceans are less able to store CO2, thus CO2 is released by warmer .
- This increases atmospheric CO2 and further enhances the greenhouse effect as temperatures rise further.
122
Describe and Explain the positive feedback cycle for carbon in Tundra environments
- Global temperatures rise due to rise in concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere globally.
- Permafrost thaws due to rising temperatures.
- Permafrost contains Methane and Carbon dioxide as prehistoric biomass has been broken down into simple carbon molecules. This means that when it thaws it releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
- This rise in concentration of greenhouse gases leads to a further enhanced greenhouse effect and will lead to global atmospheric temperatures increasing further.
123
How many times more potent is methane than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas
8 times out of
124
What is the key climate goal regarding temperature rise set by nations in 2015?
Limit global temperature rises to 1.5C above pre-industrial levels
## Footnote
This goal is essential for mitigating climate change impacts.
125
What would happen if global average temperatures rise to more than 1.5C according to the UN?
It would expose millions more people to potentially devastating climate impacts
## Footnote
This includes increased frequency and severity of climate-related disasters.
126
What was the estimated percentage rise in global greenhouse gas emissions for 2022?
1%
## Footnote
This increase was attributed to higher flying activity and coal usage.
127
By what percentage do global emissions need to fall by 2030 to keep temperatures below 1.5C?
45%
## Footnote
This target is crucial for achieving the climate goals set in the Paris Agreement.
128
What is the consequence of keeping temperature rises below 1.5C regarding housing?
10 million fewer people would lose their homes to rising sea levels
## Footnote
This highlights the importance of limiting temperature rise to protect vulnerable populations.
129
What reduction in water insecurity is projected if temperature rises are kept below 1.5C?
50%
## Footnote
This would significantly improve water availability for affected populations.
130
What is the projected reduction in coral reef loss if temperature rise is limited to 1.5C?
From 99% to 70%
## Footnote
This indicates a substantial preservation of marine biodiversity.
131
True or False: The Global Carbon Project (GCP) reported a decrease in emissions in 2022.
False
## Footnote
Emissions were reported to be rising in 2022.
132
Fill in the blank: Nations agreed to 'pursue efforts' to limit global temperature rises to _______.
1.5C
## Footnote
This commitment is part of the broader goals established during the Paris Agreement.
133
Why is 1.5 degrees Celsius such a critical threshold
As the effects of climate change due to this rise are deemed to be at a point of no return with the damage done to the earth difficult to repair
134
What was the reaction of many developing nations to the cash settlement offered at COP?
Many developing nations were unhappy with the cash settlement offered
## Footnote
This dissatisfaction reflects broader concerns about financial commitments in climate negotiations.
135
Which major economy expressed unhappiness regarding COP negotiations?
India
## Footnote
India's concerns often revolve around the balance of responsibilities and financial support.
136
What did the president of Azerbaijan say about oil and gas?
He described oil and gas as 'a gift from God'
## Footnote
This statement led to skepticism about Azerbaijan's suitability as a location for COP.
137
Which country is viewed as the natural successor in pollution economy as US talks are in doubt?
China
## Footnote
China's rapid industrialization has positioned it as a leading player in global emissions.
138
What is the UK's target for achieving clean electricity?
Achieving clean electricity by 2030
## Footnote
This will involve significantly increasing wind and solar generation.
139
By what year does the UK plan to end the sale of new fully petrol and diesel cars?
By 2030
## Footnote
This is part of a broader strategy to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
140
How many electric heat pumps does the UK plan to install by 2028?
600,000 electric heat pumps
## Footnote
This is aimed at improving energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions.
141
What is the UK's investment focus to combat climate change?
Investing in technology to capture and store CO2
## Footnote
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is crucial for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
142
By what percentage does the UK need to reduce its greenhouse gases by 2030?
68%
## Footnote
This target is part of the UK's commitment to the Paris Agreement.
143
What are key methods of carbon capture
- Amplifying an existing sink (e.g. forest restoration)
- Direct Air Capture
144
What is involved in amplifying an existing sink?
Restoring a forest that has been degraded, clearing dead biomass, and planting new trees and shrubbery.
## Footnote
This process enhances the ability of the ecosystem to absorb carbon dioxide.
145
How much CO2 can be stored in soil compared to the atmosphere?
2x the amount of CO2 in the soil than the atmosphere.
## Footnote
This highlights the significant role of soil in carbon storage.
146
Why is it dangerous to focus solely on negative emissions schemes (NETs)?
It gives a licence to continue to burn fossil fuels.
## Footnote
A focus on NETs may reduce the urgency to reduce emissions at the source.
147
What is an example of a large scale direct air carbon capture project, how much carbon does it aim to intake per year
Texas, 1 mega tonne of CO2 per year
148
What is an example of a small scale direct air carbon capture project, how much carbon does it intake per day
Squamish British Columbia Canada, 1 tonne of carbon per day
149
What is the primary focus of CO2 removal as discussed in the text?
Collecting CO2 directly from the atmosphere
## Footnote
Scientists suggest we need to remove 10 billion tonnes of CO2 per year.
150
Where is the CO2 removal technology being implemented?
Squamish, British Columbia, Canada
## Footnote
This technology is available to anyone in the world.
151
What is the efficiency of the fan used in the CO2 removal process?
80% efficient at taking air out
152
What is created when CO2 is reacted and turned into calcium carbonate?
Calcium carbonate pellets
153
What can CO2 react with to create fuel?
H2O
154
What will determine the success of CO2 removal technology?
Rate of development of technology and financial viability at less than $150 per tonne collected
155
How many direct air capture plants are estimated to be needed worldwide?
40,000 plants
156
What does CCS stand for?
Carbon Capture and Storage
## Footnote
CCS is a technology designed to reduce CO2 emissions.
157
What percentage of CO2 emissions can CCS capture from fossil fuel use?
Up to 90%
## Footnote
This includes emissions from electricity generation and industrial processes.
158
What is an example of a CCS project mentioned?
Boundary Dam
## Footnote
A 110-megawatt coal power and con plant located in Saskatchewan.
159
Who built the Boundary Dam plant?
SaskPower
## Footnote
SaskPower is the provincial utility responsible for the plant.
160
What type of power station is Boundary Dam?
Coal-fired power station
## Footnote
It has been retrofitted to include CCS technology.
161
How much CO2 does Boundary Dam capture annually?
Approximately 1 million tonnes
## Footnote
This is equivalent to 90% of its CO2 output.
162
Where will the captured CO2 from Boundary Dam be transported?
To the Weyburn oil unit
## Footnote
The CO2 will be piped 66km to the injection site.
163
At what depth will the CO2 be injected into the oil-bearing formation?
1,500m
## Footnote
This depth is suitable for enhancing oil recovery.
164
What process is enhanced by injecting CO2 into oil-bearing formations?
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
## Footnote
This process helps to push more oil out of the ground.
165
What was the cost to build the CCS unit at Boundary Dam?
$800 million
## Footnote
This significant investment is aimed at reducing emissions.
166
What percentage of the coal plant's power output does the CCS unit consume?
21%
## Footnote
This consumption impacts the overall efficiency of the plant.
167
What is hoped to offset the extra cost of the CCS unit?
Extra oil recovered from the Weyburn oil field
## Footnote
The goal is to make the project financially viable.
168
What is the global greenhouse gas mitigation potential of grasslands by 2030?
810 million tonnes of CO2
## Footnote
This mitigation potential is primarily through soil carbon sequestration.
169
How can soil carbon storage in grasslands be improved?
* Avoidance of overstocking of grazing animals
* Adding manures and fertilizers
* Revegetation of pasture species
* Irrigation and water management
170
What role do manures and fertilizers play in grassland management?
They can directly impact soil organic carbon levels and indirectly increase plant productivity and soil biodiversity.
## Footnote
This indicates the importance of nutrient management in enhancing soil health.
171
What is one technique for increasing carbon storage in croplands?
Mulching
## Footnote
Mulching adds organic matter and prevents carbon losses when crop residues are used.
172
What is the benefit of reduced or no tillage in croplands?
It avoids accelerated decomposition of organic compounds and depletion of soil carbon.
## Footnote
This practice helps maintain soil structure and health.
173
What are some methods to enhance carbon storage in croplands?
* Use of animal manure or chemical fertilizers
* Rotations of cash crops with pasture
* Use of cover crops and green manures
* Improved crop varieties
174
How do forests contribute to reducing CO2 emissions?
By storing large stocks of carbon both above and below ground.
## Footnote
This includes protecting existing forests and reforesting degraded areas.
175
What is the impact of protecting existing forests on soil carbon stocks?
It preserves current soil carbon stocks.
176
What are the benefits of reforesting degraded lands?
It increases biomass density and carbon density above and below ground.
177
Fill in the blank: The potential to increase the biomass returned to the soil can be achieved through _______.
rotations of cash crops with pasture or the use of cover crops and green manures
178
How much CO2 did the Aviation industry produce in 2019
915 million tonnes
179
What strategies are Aviation companies using to cut emissions
- Increased engine efficiency
- Increased use of Biofuels
- Improved Aerodynamics
- Reduced Weight
- Maximising number of seats
- Towing an aircraft on the ground
Avoiding circling the airport where possible
- Lower Cruise Speeds
180
Why despite the developments in emission reduction in aviation, does the industry grow in environmental impact
Increased demand due to increasing globalisation has caused more abundance of air travel, thus more pollution
181
Why does geology in tropical rainforests in Brazil mean that deforestation can have a large impact on the water cycle
Igneous rock is impermeable, therefore there is a very low amount of groundwater
182
What percentage of all freshwater entering the oceans each day is from the Amazon?
15%
183
What is the average rainfall across the whole Amazon Basin?
Approximately 2,300 mm/year
184
What happens to much of the rainfall in the Amazon before it reaches the ground?
It is intercepted and re-evaporated
185
Of the rainfall that is evapotranspired back into the atmosphere, what percentage falls again as rain?
About 48%
186
What percentage of rainfall actually reaches the sea from the Amazon?
30%
187
Fill in the blank: The rest of the rainfall in the Amazon is caught up in a constant _______.
closed system loop
188
How many tonnes of carbon does the Amazon store?
Between 80 and 120 billion tonnes of carbon.
## Footnote
This significant amount contributes to its role as a carbon sink.
189
What is the annual carbon sink capacity of the Amazon?
Between 1-3 gigatonnes of carbon per year.
## Footnote
This capacity helps mitigate climate change by absorbing CO2.
190
What percentage has the above ground biomass in the Amazon increased by annually?
0.3-0.5% per year.
## Footnote
This increase is attributed to rising productivity from increased CO2 levels.
191
What effect does the increase in CO2 have on trees in the Amazon?
Causes trees to live faster and die younger.
## Footnote
This change affects the overall longevity and health of the forest.
192
What climatic changes contribute to the surge in tree mortality in the Amazon?
Warming and drier climate.
## Footnote
These factors exacerbate the effects of increased CO2 on tree health.
193
True or False: The increase in above ground biomass in the Amazon is a positive feedback system.
False.
## Footnote
It is a negative feedback system that offsets rising atmospheric CO2 levels.
194
Fill in the blank: The Amazon has seen an increase in above ground biomass due to rising productivity as a result of increased _______.
CO2.
195
What has been the impact of increased atmospheric CO2 on tree mortality rates in the Amazon?
Surge in the rate of trees dying.
## Footnote
This is linked to both increased growth rates and climate changes.
196
What climatic conditions contribute to a rapid rate of photosynthesis in the Amazon Rainforest?
Intense solar radiation, high temperatures of 25°C, and high rainfall of 2300mm/year
## Footnote
These conditions create an ideal environment for photosynthesis.
197
What is the average net primary productivity of rainforests in terms of carbon capture?
2500 grams of carbon per meter cubed per year
## Footnote
This is significantly higher compared to temperate forests, which sequester around 600-1200 grams of carbon per meter cubed per year.
198
How does the carbon cycle function in the Amazon Rainforest?
The carbon cycle recycles carbon rapidly due to high temperatures that encourage high rates of both photosynthesis and decomposition
## Footnote
This rapid cycling is essential for maintaining the ecosystem's productivity.
199
What is the fertility status of the soil in the Amazon Rainforest?
The lower sections of soil are not very fertile, but the upper 'Hummus Layer' is very fertile
## Footnote
This differentiation in soil fertility affects plant growth and nutrient availability.
200
What impact does leaf shedding have on soil quality in the Amazon Rainforest?
Trees shed their leaves all year round, allowing for fast decomposition and enriching the humus layer with organic carbon and nutrients
## Footnote
This process enhances soil quality and promotes quicker tree growth.
201
How much carbon is locked up in the Amazon?
100 billion tonnes
## Footnote
This includes both living biomass and soil carbon.
202
What is the amount of CO2 taken in by the Amazon each year?
2.4 billion tonnes
## Footnote
This reflects the carbon uptake through photosynthesis.
203
What is the amount of CO2 released by the Amazon each year?
1.7 billion tonnes
## Footnote
This includes respiration and decomposition processes.
204
What is the net carbon sink of the Amazon per year?
0.7 billion tonnes
## Footnote
This indicates that the Amazon absorbs more carbon than it releases.
205
What type of trees are the main stores of carbon in rainforests?
Large evergreen trees
## Footnote
These trees contribute significantly to carbon storage due to their size and longevity.
206
What percentage of carbon is stored above ground in rainforests?
60%
## Footnote
This highlights the importance of above-ground biomass in carbon storage.
207
How much carbon can large rainforest trees store above ground per hectare?
180 tonnes
## Footnote
This is a measure of the carbon density in rainforest ecosystems.
208
What type of geology contains very little carbon?
Igneous rocks
## Footnote
Igneous rocks are typically formed from cooling magma and do not retain significant amounts of carbon.
209
How much carbon is locked up in the Amazon?
100 billion tonnes
## Footnote
This includes both living biomass and soil carbon.
210
What is the amount of CO2 taken in by the Amazon each year?
2.4 billion tonnes
## Footnote
This reflects the carbon uptake through photosynthesis.
211
What is the amount of CO2 released by the Amazon each year?
1.7 billion tonnes
## Footnote
This includes respiration and decomposition processes.
212
What is the net carbon sink of the Amazon per year?
0.7 billion tonnes
## Footnote
This indicates that the Amazon absorbs more carbon than it releases.
213
What type of trees are the main stores of carbon in rainforests?
Large evergreen trees
## Footnote
These trees contribute significantly to carbon storage due to their size and longevity.
214
What percentage of carbon is stored above ground in rainforests?
60%
## Footnote
This highlights the importance of above-ground biomass in carbon storage.
215
How much carbon can large rainforest trees store above ground per hectare?
180 tonnes
## Footnote
This is a measure of the carbon density in rainforest ecosystems.
216
What type of geology contains very little carbon?
Igneous rocks
## Footnote
Igneous rocks are typically formed from cooling magma and do not retain significant amounts of carbon.
217
What is one consequence of road construction in tropical rainforests?
Increases potential for industrial activity such as mining, logging, or agriculture
## Footnote
Road construction provides vehicle access, facilitating these activities.
218
How does local subsistence farming by indigenous communities impact rainforests compared to large scale commercial farming?
Local scale subsistence farming has a far smaller impact than large scale commercial farming
## Footnote
The scale and rate of commercial farming has risen rapidly, leading to greater environmental consequences.
219
What major environmental issue is caused by large scale deforestation, particularly slash and burn?
Release of CO2
## Footnote
This process contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions.
220
What type of feedback cycle is associated with rising atmospheric CO2 and changes in land use?
Positive feedback cycle
## Footnote
This cycle exacerbates climate change effects and land degradation.
221
What does ARPA stand for and how large is the project?
Amazon Region Protected Areas (ARPA) in a 62.5 million hectare project
## Footnote
Initially projected to protect above 50 million hectares.
222
How many people live sustainably in the Amazon and farm at a small scale?
30 million people
## Footnote
These communities rely on sustainable practices to coexist with the rainforest.
223
What percentage of the Amazon is protected by ARPA?
15% (120 protected areas)
## Footnote
This includes areas under strict use and sustainable use regimes.
224
What are the two types of regimes under which ARPA's protected areas are categorized?
* Strict use regimes
* Sustainable use regimes
## Footnote
50% of the protected areas are under each regime.
225
Who funded and led the ARPA project?
Brazilian environment ministry
## Footnote
This organization played a crucial role in the establishment and funding of ARPA.
226
What area was deforested between 2000 and 2007?
An area the size of Greece
227
What is the most common method of deforestation?
Slash and burn
228
What percentage of Brazil's greenhouse emissions is attributed to deforestation and land use change?
75%
229
What are the major impacts of deforestation and land use change?
* Climate change
* Vegetation change
* Soil degradation
* River ecosystem destruction
230
How does deforestation affect albedo and temperature?
Increased albedo leads to increased temperatures
231
What are the average temperatures in rainforests and pastures?
* Rainforests: 24°C
* Pastures: 33°C
232
What happens to water interception due to deforestation?
Less water is intercepted and more reaches the rivers
233
What is the impact of deeper forest roots on humidity and precipitation?
They can pump more soil moisture to the surface, increasing humidity and precipitation levels
234
How many hectares of forest were lost between 2000 and 2010?
3.6 million hectares
235
What are two causes of forest loss besides deforestation?
* Climate change
* Droughts and unusually high temperatures
236
What is the predicted loss of the Amazon with a 2°C increase in pre-industrial temperatures?
20-40%
237
How much more carbon do Amazonian soils contain compared to pastureland?
4 times more
238
What happens to soils during forest clearance?
They are exposed to heavy rain and are washed away
239
How much less moisture is retained in the soil of pasture compared to rainforest?
15% less
240
What effect does deforestation have on soil porosity?
Reduced porosity, causing increased surface runoff and soil erosion
241
What is the overall impact of deforestation on river discharge?
Overall reduction in river discharge
242
What effect does deforestation have on river silt?
Increase in river silt, reducing river channel depth
243
What could increased temperatures in rivers lead to?
Killing off temperature-dependent species
244
True or False: Warm water holds more oxygen than cold water.
False
245
What has led governments to turn to hydropower in the Amazon River Basin?
The vast quantity of water that flows through the Amazon River Basin.
246
What is the Tucuruí dam known for?
It is the largest dam ever built in a tropical rainforest.
247
Where is the Tucuruí dam located?
At the lower Tocantins River, adjacent to the Amazon Basin in northeastern Brazil.
248
What is the area of the largest man-made lake created by the Tucuruí dam?
2,875 km².
249
What percentage of Brazil's energy comes from hydropower?
90%.
250
What was the Tucuruí dam thought to be a cheaper alternative to?
Importing fossil fuels.
251
What industrial project is fueled by the energy produced by the Tucuruí dam?
The Grande Carajas Programme.
252
What significant infrastructure was completed that allows Tucuruí power to be sold nationally?
Brazil's North-South electricity transmission grid.
253
What impact has the Tucuruí dam had on local communities?
Changed the lives of indigenous people and vulnerable ethnic minorities, displaced 40,000 people.
254
What environmental issue has arisen from the reservoir created by the Tucuruí dam?
It is a breeding ground for disease-bearing mosquitoes.
255
What is a consequence of submerged decomposing vegetation from the Tucuruí dam?
It contributes one-sixth of Brazil's total greenhouse gas emissions.
256
True or False: The Tucuruí dam has had no negative impact on local ecosystems.
False.
257
Fill in the blank: The Tucuruí dam has _______ the habitat of fish and plants.
destroyed.
258
What are the 5 main strategies being used to reduce the effects of environmental change in the Amazon
- Creation of national Parks and Forest Reserves
- Reforestation Schemes
- Prosecuting Illegal Loggers
- National and International agreements
- Reducing the use of palm oil goods and reducing the demand for cattle
259
Explain how the creation of parks and forest reserves in the Amazon has helped reduce climate disruption
ARPA has protected an area of rainforest twice the size of Germany by restricting logging developments
260
Explain how the Reforestation Schemes in the Amazon has helped reduce climate disruption
An initiative to regrow 73 million trees in the Brazilian Amazon known as “The Arc of Deforestation” has led to an aim of reforesting 12 million hectares of land by 2030
261
Explain how the prosecution of illegal loggers in the Amazon has helped reduce climate disruption
Historic rates of illegal logging has dropped from 48% to 38% thanks to harsher regulation.
262
Explain how the National and International Agreements in the Amazon has helped reduce climate disruption
Developed nations such as the UK have said that loans that need to be payed by South American Nations can be spent on reforesting the Amazon. We also have laws that reduce sales of rainforest logged wood.
263
Explain how the reducing use of palm oil in the Amazon has helped reduce climate disruption
Reducing demand for palm oil makes opening farms that are responsible for deforestation become less profitable and not as necessary, reducing its occurrence.
