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A-Level Geography > Carbon Cycle > Flashcards

Carbon Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

GEOLOGICAL ORIGINS

A

FORMATION OF SEDEMENTARY CARBONATE ROCKS

PLANTS AND AMINALS SHALE, COAL AND OTHER ROCKS

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2
Q

GEOLOGICAL PROCESS WHICH RELEASE CARBON

A

BURN FOSSIL FUELS
VOLCANIC OUTGASING
CHEMICAL WEATHERING

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3
Q

BIOLOGICAL CARBON CYCLE

A 
CO2 DISSOLVES IN OCEAN
BIOLOGICAL PUMP
CARBONATE PUMP
PUMPS OUT CO2 FROM ATMOS TO OCEAN
WITHOUT PLANKTON CO2 TOO HIGH
PHYISCAL PUMP AND THERMOHALINE CIRC
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4
Q

THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION AND THE GULF STREAM

A

“POLAR” WATER - DENSE/HEAVY = SINKS

WARMER WATER DRAWN IN FROM OCEAN

MOVELMENT FORM TROPICS

COLD WATER UP READY TO BE WARMED
NUTRIENTS

CURRENT AFFECTED BY LARGE ADDITIONS OF FRESH WATER

CAUSE GLOBAL ISSUES eg FALLING OF THE GULF STREAM

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5
Q

TERRESTRIAL CARBON CYCLE

A

PLANTS SEQUEST FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS

RESPIRATION FROM ANIMALS RELEASED BACK INTO ATMOSPHERE

MICRO ORGANISMS EAT ANIMAL WASTE

THEN DIE

RELEASED BACK TO SOIL

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6
Q

TERRESTRIAL STORES

A

ROLE OF TREEES

MANGROVES

TUNDRA SOILS

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7
Q

GREENHOUSE EFFECT

A

Retention of heat by greenhouse gases on surface of earth allowing planets temp rise

Contributing factor global warming

Heat absorbed by earth

Gases, methane carbon dioxide sulphur dioxide

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8
Q

REGULATING COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE

+

IMPORTANT FOR ECOSYSTEM PRODUCTIVITY

A

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

SOIL HEALTH

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9
Q

FOSSIL FUELS

A

AMPLIFIES THE GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

GLOBAL WARMING AFFECTS NATURLA THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION

LEADS TO UK TEMP BEING 5 DEGREES HIGHER

ECOSYSTEM RISK

OCEAN ACIDIFICATION

MELTS PERMAFROST AND CRYOSPHERE

AFFECTS HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

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10
Q

ENERGY SECURITY (DEFN)

A

UNINTERUPTED AVAILABILITY OF ENERGY SOURCES AT AN AFFORDABLE PRICE

ACCESSIBILITY - AFFORDABILITY, AVAILABILITY AND RELIABILITY

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11
Q

ENERGY MIX

A

HOW COUNTRY MEETS ENERGY DEMANDS EG FOSSIL FUELS AND RENEWABLES

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12
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING ENERGY SECURITY X 7

A 
1. ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT
2 CLIMATE
3 ENVIORNMENTAL PRIORITIES
4 DEPENDANCE ON IMPORTED ENERGY
5 PHYSICAL AVAILABILITY OF THE RESOURCE
6 TECHNOLOGY
7 COST OF ACCESSING THE STORE
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13
Q

ENERGY PLAYERS

A 
GOVERNMENTS
CONSUMERS
OPEC
ENVIRONMENTALISTS eg GREENPEACE
GENERATORS
DISTRIBUTORS 
ENERGY TNC'S
SCIENTISTS
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14
Q

CASE STUDY ON

ENERGY MIX AND SECURITY IN FRANCE

A

ITS IN THE TOP 10 ENERGY CONSUMING COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD

POP 64.6 MILLION (SMALL)

ONLY 50% FOSSIL FUELS AS COMPARED TO SOUTH KOREA 82%

CLIMATE +VE = LESS FLUCS

10% ENERGY RENEWABLE

41% NUCLEAR ENERGY

SECURE AS NOT DEPENDANT ON ONE SOURCE OF ENERGY

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15
Q

CASE STUDY ON

ENERGY MIX AND SECURITY IN USA

A

2ND IN TOP 10 ENERGY CONSUMING COUNTRIES

HUGE POP 318.9M

HOT AND COLD CLIMATES

LARGE INPUTS OF ENERGY eg LIGHTING, HEATING

CARBON FULES PRODUCE 82% OF ENERGY CONSUMED

10% RENEWABLES

8% NUCLEAR

NOT LOOKING LONGER TERM

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16
Q

OIL DISTRIBUTION

A

SEE DAD

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17
Q

COAL DISTRIBUTION

18
Q

GAS DISTRIBUTION

19
Q

CASE STUDY

RUSSIA - EUROPE

A

RUSSIA 2ND LARGES PRODUCER OF GAS

4 PIPELINES AND 3 CROSS UKRAINE

MILITARY ACTION IN UKRAINE THREATENS EUROPEAN GAS SUPPLIES

UKRAINE IMPORTANT FOR TRADE

20
Q

TAR SANDS (UNCONVENTIAL FOSSIL FUELS)

A

MIXTURE OF CLAY, SAND, WATER BITUMEN

INJECTED WITH STEAM MAKES TAR LESS VISCOISE

eg CANADA

21
Q

OIL SANDS (UNCONVENTIAL FOSSIL FUELS)

A

OIL BEARING ROCKS PERMEABLE ENOUGH TO ALLOW

???????

22
Q

SHALE GAS (UNCONVENTIAL FOSSIL FUELS)

A

NATURAL GAS TRAPPED IN FINE GRAIN SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

FRACKING

PUMPING IN WATER AND CHEMICAL FLUSHES OUT GAS eg USA

23
Q

DEEP WATER OIL (UNCONVENTIAL FOSSIL FUELS)

A

OIL AND GAS FOUND WELL OFF SHORE

AT CONSIDERABLE OCEAN DEPTHS

DRILLING TAKES PLACE ON OCEAN RIGS

eg BRAZIL

24
Q

RECYCLABLES AND RENEWABLES

A

RENEWABLE = NUCLEAR ENERGY

SAFETY
COST
HIGHLY TOXIC WASTE
TECHNOLOGY EVOLVING

25
BIOFUELS
USES BIOMASS GROWING BIOFUEL CROPS DECREASES FOSSIL FULE USE eg WHEAT eg BRAZIL _VE IMPACTS = FOOD SECURITY AND AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT
26
RADICAL TECHNOLOGIES (DEFN)
NEW TECHNOLOGIES USED TO DESIGN NEW METHODS WHICH WORK AS ENERGY SOURCES eg CARBON CAPTURING SORAGE EG BURYING CO2 AND BURYING IT UNDERGROUND eg HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS COMBNE H2 AND 02 WHICH CREATES ELECTICITY HEAT AND WATER
27
KYOTO PROTOCAL
A 1997 INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT TO LIMIT AIR POLLUTION AND REDUCE GLOBAL WARMING NOT SIGNED BY EVERYONE eg CHINA AND US
28
LAND USE CHANGES
DEFORESTATION AFFORESTATION CONVERGING OF GRASSLAND TO FARMING
29
WHY IS LAND USE CHANGING
GROWING DEMAND FOR FOOD (MEAT) GROWING POPn GROWING AFFLUENCE (EMERGING COUNTRIES) SSA AND ASIA
30
OCEAN ACIDIFICATION - IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMANS
INCREASING DUE TO FOSSIL FUEL CONSUMPTION MORE CO2 IN ATMOSPHERE = MORE ABSORBED IN OCEANS LEADS TO MORE CHEMCIAL REACTIONS REMOVE CARONATE IONS FROM THE WATER NEEDED MARINE LIFE CORAL REEF BLEACHING CRITICAL THRESHOLD OR TIPPING POINTS FOR CORAL REEFS
31
Cop 21 (PAIRS AGREEMENT )
THE UNITED NATIONS CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE HELD IN PARIS IN 2015 SET A TARGET OF LIMITING GLOBAL WARMING TO "WELL BELOW 2 DEGREE"
32
WHAT ARE THE CARBON TRANSFERS ? X 6
RESPIRATION PHOTOSYNTHESES COMBUSTION DECOMPOSITION SEQUESSTRATION WEATHERING
33
HOW IS THE WATER CYCLE AFFECTED BY LAND USE CHANGE ?
REDUCED INTERCEPTION REDUCED INFILTRATION INCREASED RAIN SPLASH INCRESED WIND EROSION INCREASED SEDIMENT TO RIVERS ESP. FORESTS = LOSS OF TRANSPIRATION FUELLING RAINFALL SO DROUGHT MORE FREQUENT
34
HOW IS THE CARBON CYCLE AFFECTED BY LAND USE CHANGE ?
REDUCTION IN CARBON STORAGE REDUCED CARBON SEQUESTRATION DUE TO LESS PHOTOSYNTHESIS GREATER OUTPUT OF CARBON INTO ATMOSPHERE BURNING DECAYING VEGETATION
35
ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE
COUNTRY DEVELOPS = DAMAGE TO NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESOURCES EXPLOITED TECHNIOLOGY PRODUCED POLLUTION AT A POINT - MORE EFFICENT USES LESS RESOURCES MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY AWARE AND DEVELOPS ENVIRONMENTALL FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGY RESULTS : DAMAGE DECREASING AS COUNTRY REACHES A MORE DEVELOPED STATUS
36
HOW IS DROUGHT BEING EXACERBATED BY POSITIVE FEEDBACK ?
CHANGE = MORE DROUGHTS STRESS ON ECOSYSTEM PHOTOSYNTHESISE SLOWER LESS CO2 SEQUESTED (CARBON SINK CAPACTIY DECLINES) LESS ORGANIC MATTER (SOILS) MORE LIKELY TO HAVE FOREST FIRES (CO2) = CLIMATE CHANGE ENHANCED FURTHER = WORST DROUGHTS
37
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON EVAPORATION AND PRESIPITATION PATTERNS eg YUKON
ARCTIC WARMING FASTER THAN AVERAGE INCREASED TRANSPORTATION AND PRECIPATION SNOW MELT EARLIER = SNOW COVER DECREASES = EARLIER PEAK FLOW ON THE REGIME OVER TIME GLACIERS RETREAT = REDUCED DISCHARGE IN GLACIER FED RIVERS PERMAFROST THAWS
38
HUMAN FACTORS - WHY FUTURE UNCERTAIN
POPULATION GROWTH ECONOMIC GROWTH GOWING AFFLUENCE IN EMERGING COUNTRIES LAND USE CHANGE PRICE OF OIL CONSUMER BEHAVIOR GOVERNMENT POLICIES
39
PHYSICAL FACTORS - WHY FUTURE UNCERTAIN
CO2 ABSORPTION FROM CARBON SINKS NATURAL CLIMATE EFFECTS ?? HOW LONG WILL IT TAKE FOR CO2 LEVELS IN ATMOSPHER TO REDUCE
40
ADAPTATION STRATEGIES X 4
1. WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT 2. LAND USE PLANNING AND FLOOD RISK MANAGMENT eg LAND USE ZONING AND LOW COST APPROACH TO FLOOD MANAGMENT 3. RESILIANT AGRICULTURE SYSTEMS eg INCREASING YIELD, INCOME AND WATER CONSERVATION eg USA, SYRIA, TO IRAQ PLOUGING APPROACH 4. SOLAR RADIATION MANAGEMENT eg REFLECT SOLAR RAYS TO REDUCE GLOBAL WARMING - BASED REFLECTORS AND CLOUD BRIGHTENING . +VE QUICK TO GET GOING
41
MITIGATION STRATEGIES x 5
1. CARBON TAXATION (USE FUELS LOWER IN EMISSIONS) 2. CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE eg BOUNDARY DAM, CANADA 3. RENEWABLE SWITCHING eg SWEDEN (OIL DOWN 70% IN 1970 TO 20% NOW) 4. AFFORESTATION AND REFORESTATION 5. ENERGY EFFICIENCY

A-Level Geography (22 decks)

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