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Geography A Level🌏 > Carbon cycle and energy security enq 2 > Flashcards

Carbon cycle and energy security enq 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What three factors can affect energy consumption

A
  • energy availability
  • affordability
  • cultural preferences
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2
Q

What are 4/6 sources of demand for energy

A
  • domestic
  • heating
  • electricity
  • transportation
  • industry
  • farming
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3
Q

What measures energy security

A

the energy security index

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4
Q

What three things does the energy security index take into account when calculating risk

A
  • availability
  • diversity (range of sources)
  • intensity
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5
Q

What are the four levels of risk with the ESI (Energy security index) plus examples of each risk

A
  • extreme risk - e.g. ESI Less than 2.5 - SK and Northern S.America
  • high risk - e.g. ESI 2.5-5.0 - Japan
  • medium risk - e.g. 5-7 - UK, Australia, Europe
  • low risk - >7.5 - Canada, Russia, Norway and stable Middle East countries that are producers and exporters of gas and oil
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6
Q

What is the difference in the US 2009 reliance on fossil fuels and China’s reliance on fossil fuels 2009

A

US - 83%
China - 93%

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7
Q

What is the difference in the US 2021 reliance on fossils fuels and China’s reliance on fossil fuels 2021

andwhich has made better progress from 1990 figures

A

US - 79%
China - 83%

china better progress -10% vs US -4%

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of risk
- high/extreme risk
- low risk (2 points)
- medium risk

A
  • heavy importers of oil and gas
  • countries with substantial reserves = low levels regardless of consumption e.g. Saudi
  • low levels of risk = low consumption e.g. Ethiopia
  • medium risk in medium sized developed countries because of the diversity of energy sources used
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9
Q

What kind of risks are there to disruption plus examples (4)

A
  • extreme demand .eg. Californian black outs
  • energy infrastructure e.g. impact of natural disasters such as Fukushima
  • terrorism and effects on supply e.g. Somalia 2000
  • war impacting price and strikes e.g. Russia Ukraine
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10
Q

What was the two impacts of the oil crisis 1973

A
  • increased inflation
  • job loss
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11
Q

What is the word energy trilemma index and what does it include

A

ENERGY SECURITY, a nations capacity to meet current and future energy demands
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY, the transition of a country’s energy system
ENERGY EQUITY, the ability to provide affordable energy that is universally accessible

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12
Q

What is peak oil

A

the point when maximum rate of global oil production is reached

these declining supplies will increase the cost of oil

unpredictability of actions of OPEC and Russia as Trump is a liability

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13
Q

What are the 7/8 different points which can help predict Global energy uncertainty. KEY CONCEPT

A
  • emerging economies demand
  • future performance of global economy
  • possible contribution of unconventional oil sources
  • the scale of population growth
  • impact of rising living standards
  • scale of switches to renewables
  • the size of undiscovered reserves
  • discovery of new energy technologies
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14
Q

What are our three responses to increasing demands

A
  • Business as usual - carrying on, not impacting economy in short term
  • A multi energy solution - infrastructure investment and variety of renewables and recyclables
  • Energy conservation - variety pf techniques to completely reduce sue
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15
Q

How can we meet energy needs with different methods 6/9

A
  • green taxes and subsidies
  • radical new technology
  • offshore wind turbines
  • education
  • solar
  • biofuels
  • policies on sustainability
  • geothermal energy
  • nuclear
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16
Q

Define primary energy

A

All energy products not transformed directly exploited or imported can be renewable or non-renewable - natural e.g. crude oil, coal

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17
Q

Define secondary energy

A

Derived from the transformation of conversion of primary sources usually more convenient e.g. electricity

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18
Q

What is an energy mix

A

The energy mix is the combination of different energy sources used to meet a country’s total energy consumption.

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19
Q

Name 5/8 energy related issues

A
  • gas explosions
  • acid rain
  • fracking
  • smog
  • oil leaks
  • chernobyl
  • war
  • foreign supply sources
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20
Q

Why do energy mixes vary between countries 6/8

A
  • technology infrastructure
  • the demand and supply ratio
  • physical topography
  • env laws and regs
  • affordability
  • access/availability
  • geopolitics, connections with other countries
  • political ideology
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21
Q

Why may UK energy insecurity increase (5)

A
  • as domestic oil and gas production have peaked
  • nuclear power plants being decommissioned
  • demand rising
  • large coal reserves unattractive alternative
  • increased reliance on imported gas raises the risk if supply is disrupted
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22
Q

What is the inland energy consumption change from 1990 - 2022
- % coal
- % gas
- % biomass
what does this highlight

A
  • 1990
    31% coal
    24% gas
    0.3% biomass
  • 2022
    3% coal
    39% gas
    10.7% biomass

MORE ENERGY SECURE

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23
Q

What are two possible points about the future supply uncertainties

A
  • non renewables may ‘peak’ and the price would be high after this peak
  • renewable sources are often limited by physical geography - wind, HEP, geothermal, solar
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24
Q

What are the pressing environmental concerns about the potential for renewable energy
AND WHY ISN’T THIS ACHIEVABLE

A

The amount of power that can be accessed with current technologies is 5.9 times the global demand for power. - Sun provides 3.8 times global demand

This requires a world integrated energy system which is UNACHIEVABLE due to self interest and profit.

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25
What are 5/9 ways we can meet our global challenge of energy demand
green tax and subsidies radical new tech off shore wind turbines education solar biofuels sustainable policies geo thermal energy nuclear
26
Trade in oil things to remember (2) give examples
- dominance of Middle East and Russia and the decline of europe - the complex players and pathways e.g. opec, tncs, govt - ME 14 mil barrels a day
27
what % of global oil does Saudi produce
13%
28
who did us overtake as the biggest gas producer in 2022
QATAR
28
Trade in gas things to remember (5)
- demand is increasing 2.7% yearly - transportable through liquified petroleum gas, tend to be regional transportation - better for env - 2nd biggest energy producer - 21% share in global energy mix.
29
Trade in coal things to remember (2)
- uk, france, Belgium = end of deep mining production after 1950s clean air act - industrialising countries still use it due to lack of env agreements and regs
30
what percentage is china of the global coal consumption
52%
31
who are the top 3 coal producing countries and why
china, india indonesia as they are all developing and following the same trend of industrialisation as the west
32
CASE STUDY, RUSSIA GAZPROM AND EU GAS SUPPLY PROBLEM (3)
- Russia cut gas supplies to Ukraine on new years as on midnight of 31 dec. they failed to agree a renewed gas supply contract. - the NABUCCO PIPELINE is suggested to avoid reliance on Russia to the Caspian Sea, however this has been cancelled - russia as constructed a pipeline to supply china and Japan, top asian supplier, this has doubled Russian supply to china and Japan.
32
what are 4 reasons as to why coal has declined in uk
- remains deposits are too deep to mine economically - most deep coals contains too many impurities e.g. sulphur - labour costs too high, imported from SA where labour is cheaper - govt policy - thatcher winding down coal industry 1980s
33
what are the life spans of oil, natural gas and coal at present?
oil - 2052 ng - 2075 coal - 2075
34
What are the three types of unconventional fuels
oil shale tar sands shale gas
35
CASE STUDY ALBERTA CANADA, TAR SANDS (4)
- has 175 bil barrels, huge potential - intensive process has polluted rivers and converted farmland to wasteland - large areas of boreal forest deforested for development - fasting growing source of GHG in Canada
36
oil shale important info (4) - Econ, env
- more expensive and energy intensive than conventional oil recovery - large carbon footprint - large amounts of water being used, same as tar sands - increased waste as shale must be disposed once oil extracted
36
Tar Sands important info (4) - env, soc, econ, water
- creates 3x ghgof conventional oil fuel due to energy taken to extract and process tar sand - can be linked to respiratory sickness and cancer - price for crude oil are rising thus making tar sands production in us commercially sought after - in order to extract one barrel of oil = three barrels of water - impacts water security
37
CASE STUDY, BRAZIL DEEP WATER OIL - (4)
- china aided them to drill for deep water in 2006 - 13% brazils electricity generated from fossil fuelled, this oil helps increase energy security and job opportunities and underpin e their GDP - drilling is difficult through rock salt = high costs - spills can = env concerns
38
What are the 7 alternatives to fossil fuels - 5 renewables, 2 recyclables
solar, wind, HEP, ocean energy, geothermal nuclear, biofuels
39
true or false, THE TECHNICAL POTENTIAL FOR RENEWABLES IS 20X GREATER THAN CURRENT DEMAND
TRUEEEEE
40
nuclear power issues (5)
- power plant accident s - waste and storage disposal which has SEEP costs - rogue states could use fuels for weapons - high construction costs - increase of health risks - cancer
41
nuclear power facts/ pros (3)
- VERY energy intensive - they provide 15% of world electricity - are reliable and continuous form of energy
42
examples of nuclear power plant accidents
Chernobyl 1986, Fukushima 2011
43
what % of us power is nuclear
20%
44
wind energy facts (2)
- has quadrupled in last ten years - is cheaper infrastructure
45
top 2 wind energy users
china, usa
46
biofuels cons (2)
- impacts food supply - carbon neutrality is questionable due to processing, combustion, transportation and impacts on soils
47
bio fuels facts/ pros (2)
- increasing use globally - can provide jobs in dev countries
48
CASE STUDY - BIOFUELS IN BRAZIL (4)
- sugar cane used for ethanol to help contribute to powering cars - accounts for 16% domestic energy - 1.4 mil direct jobs - more efficient electricity can be produced as a by product contributing 7% to Brazil's electricity need
49
HEP facts/pros (4)
- generated by transforming the energy from moving water to electricity - large dams and steep rivers can facilitate their generation - they are dictated by geography, geology and climate - larger rivers = larger potential
50
HEP cons
- can lead to flooding which has SEEP costs
51
local example of HEP
tidal energy in the mersey estuary
52
Geothermal energy facts/pros (2)
- dependent on plate boundaries - don't necessarily need expensive infrastructure e.g. gateshead old coal mine
53
Geothermal cons
- efficiency dependent on proximity to plate boundaries or faults
54
geothermal example
gateshead old coal mine where the shafts tend to flood the water is warmer and generally hotter as a result of geothermal energy from the earths crust. This can then provide cleaner energy for homes and has kept 350 homes warm without burning a single lump of coal
55
what stops us from becoming a renewable energy based world 5/9
- economic growth - lack of understanding of climate change - different political agenda - lobbying of oil companies - some countries lack access due to geography - industrialisation is a trusted way for development - trade and investment barriers - nimbyism of locals - having the political will to change
56
CASE STUDY - COSTA RICA'S CLEANER ENERGY MIX
- 2015 costa ricas green power generation was 98% - they lauded a wide plan to decarbonise by 2050 - new plan aims to modernise public transport - still relies of ffs for transport and heating - 52% reliance on wind and solar energy - 2022 domestic energy production includes hydro, wind, solar, biofuels and waste
57
CASE STUDY - KENYA'S CLEANER ENERGY MIX
- 2018, 77% green mix vs 2022, 93% - major capacity for HEP and geothermal due to physical factors - the development of renewables = increase of people who access electricity - set up Africas largest wind farm, connected to the grid in 2019, se two provide 20% of countries installed electricity capacity
58
how could renewable energy work and be effective
through global energy agreements and cooperation

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