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Carbon EQ2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the aspects of energy security

A

Availability
Accessibility
Affordability
Reliability

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2
Q

What are the different sources of energy

A

Domestic and foreign sources
Primary-natural found in nature-wind
secondary -electricity

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3
Q

Factors affecting consumption of energy

A

Physical availability
Cost
Standard of living
Government environment policy
Climate
Social attitudes
Economic development
Technology

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4
Q

What is the USAS energy mix

A

Largest is
gas
Oil
Coal
Nuclear
Small amounts of HEP
Fossil fuel focused
Much more varied has a mix of energy sources
Energy security

Second in world for energy consumption large population

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5
Q

France’s energy mix

A

Heavily invested in nuclear
70%
Gas and wind
Main source is nuclear

25% Fromm fossil fuels

Half of primary energy is imported therefore it’s reliant on other nations for energy- less energy secure

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

Energy pathway

A

Route energy takes from source to consumption

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8
Q

Who are some fossil fuel TNC

A

Shell
Gazprom
Exxonmobile

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9
Q

How many TNCs are government controlled

A

50%

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10
Q

OPEC

A

13 members
67% of worlds oil
In a position to control supply
Can disrupt markets and structure price
Can cause inflation

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11
Q

Energy companies

A

Convert primary energy into electricity
Set prices

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12
Q

Consumers

A

Transport
Industry
Domestic
Largely passive not much control over price only moving providers to get cheap prices

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13
Q

Governments

A

Guardians of national energy security
Influence sources of energy for geopolitical reasons therefore change supply

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14
Q

Supply and demand mismatch

A
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15
Q

How much of the worlds energy supply is fossil fuels based

A

86%

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16
Q

What process effect supply determined by

A

Climate
Biomass
Faulting
Continental drift

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18
Q

Asia china has world’s largest coal production matching largest consumption

19
Q

North America gas

A

Supply is 18% yet demands 27%

20
Q

Asia has no gas stores but demands 16%

A

Middle East supply’s

21
Q

What does coal mainly come from

A

Australia
Indonesia
Russia
South Africa
Columbia
USA

22
Q

Oil pathway

A

Middle East to Europe USA se Asia

23
Q

Russian gas to Europe

A

Russian major supply to Europe
Second largest producer of gas most goes to Europe
5 pipelines for delivery to Europe
4 countries get 100% of gas to Finland Estonia

24
Q

How has the conflict in Russia affect security

A

Countries which rely heavily of Russia for gas
Reluctance to challenge Russia
Due to resources

25
Unconventional fossil fuels
Tar sands Oil shale Shale gas Deepwater oil
26
Tar sands
Mix of sands bitumen Mined then extracted with steam then can be pumped out Canadian tar sands 40% of Canada oil output Decrease in price in 2015 saw a depression in industry
27
Shale gas
Natural gas trapped in sedimenty rocks 25% of all US gas supply Growing use of fracking in USA A key part of USA energy security
28
Deepwater oil
Oil and gas found in deepwater off shore Brazilian deepwater Petrobas extracts 500,000 barrels a day Rigs are 2,000 m under sea to access oil Risk of spills
29
Oil shale
Oil baring rocks permeable enough to pump oil directly out
30
Positives of unconventional fossil fuels
Locals benifit from upskilling more jobs And local energy Can add to energy mix creating more energy security Adds to existing fossil fuel infrastructure-ICE CARS
31
Negatives of unconventional fossil
Extremely costly Oil spills contaminated water increase Long term effects of health and well being Still using fossil fuels bad for environment
32
Renewable and recyclable energy
Nuclear Wind Solar
33
Why is nuclear getting more expensive
High skilled jobs needed Extensive infrastructure needed and waste material
34
Uk shift from coal
Towards renewables Good valence Nuclear 21% Renewables 24.7% Coal declining rapidly still
35
Biofuels
Grow crops for burning for fuel Worldwide increase alternative to fossil fuels Used agricultural land space Usually used for food production LIC prioritiey economic gain over food - food insecurity
36
Brazil use of biomass
5% renewables 90% of engines use fuel flex engine Both petrol and ethanol from biofuel production - good for environment Lots of agricultural land now used for biofuel production BUT this landscape has faced lots of deforestation of Amazon Increased co2 emissions due to deforestation and cattle movement
37
Radical technology
CCS Hydrogen fuel cells and electrical vehicles
38
CCS
effective in taking carbon out of atmosphere Leak to soil surface Cost compasses onto consumer
39
hydrogen fuel cells electrical cars
Production increasing Government policy increasing usage -uk 2030 all cars electric
40

Geography (16 decks)

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