Carbonyl Compounds 1

Question 1

Geometry of aldehyde/ketone carbonyl compound

Answer 1

Triagonal planar. 120 degrees

Question 2

Which is more reactive aldehydes and ketones

Answer 2

Aldehydes. Ketones are sterically more complex then aldehydes (more complex substituents). Means it’s harder for nucleophiles to attach. Aldehydes are typically more electrophilic (ketones have more potential EWGs)

Question 3

What is the change in geometry during nucleophilic addition

Answer 3

Triagonal planar (120 degrees) and tetrahedral (109 degrees)

Question 4

How to increase the electrophilicity of the carbonyl group

Answer 4

Acid catalyst

Question 5

How to increase nucleophilicity of alcohol

Answer 5

Alkaline catalyst

Question 6

Hemiacetal Formation Outline

Answer 6

Carboxylic acid (including glucose) + alcohol nucleophilic addition in presence of acidic catalyst. All steps are reversible

Question 7

Imine/Schiff Base Formation

Answer 7

Carboxylic acid + NH2 - CH3

Question 8

Oxime Formation

Answer 8

Carboxylic acid + NH2 - OH

Question 9

Hydrazone Formation

Answer 9

Carboxylic acid + NH2 - NHR

Question 10

Why is nitrogen more electrophilic then oxygen

Answer 10

Despite oxygen having more lone pairs of electrons, nitrogen is less electronegative (so it’s more likely to donate them)