Carbonyls

Question 1

what compounds are carbonyls?

Answer 1

aldehydes and ketones

Question 2

what are aldehydes oxidised to using which conditions?

Answer 2

carboxylic acids with reflux and acidified Cr2O7-2 / H+

Question 3

do ketones oxidise?

Answer 3

no

Question 4

what reaction mechanism is it?

Answer 4

nucleophilic addition

Question 5

do aldehydes form primary or secondary alcohols?

Answer 5

primary

Question 6

what is the cyanide ion?

Answer 6

CN-

Question 7

what can CN- do?

Answer 7

increase the carbon chain length

Question 8

what is needed to form CN-?

Answer 8

H2SO4 and NaCN

Question 9

what is formed from a reaction with CN-?

Answer 9

hydroxynitrile

Question 10

what detects a carbonyl group?

Answer 10

Brady’s reagent

Question 11

what solid does Brady’s reagent form?

Answer 11

orange precipitate

Question 12

what is Tollen’s reagent used for?

Answer 12

to test for an aldehyde by forming a silver mirror

Question 13

how can you purify an aldehyde?

Answer 13

with recrystallisation

Question 14

what is the shape of a carboxylic acid functional group?

Answer 14

trigonal planar

Question 15

what affects solubility of carboxylic acids?

Answer 15

carbon chain length

Question 16

are carboxylic acids weak acids?

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

what reactions do carboxylic acids undergo?

Answer 17

redox with metals and neutralisation with bases

Question 18

what is the test for a carboxylic acid?

Answer 18

reaction with carbonate

Question 19

what group do carboxylic acid derivatives contain?

Answer 19

acyl

Question 20

how is an acid anhydride formed?

Answer 20

removal of water from 2 carboxylic acids

Question 21

what is esterification?

Answer 21

the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid to form an ester

Question 22

how do you name an ester?

Answer 22

part 1 from alcohol, part 2 from acid

Question 23

what do acid anhydrides react similarly to?

Answer 23

acyl chlorides and carboxylic acids

Question 24

how is an ester hydrolysed?

Answer 24

by an aqueous acid or alkali under reflux to form a carboxylic acid and alcohol

Question 25

what are the conditions for acid hydrolysis of esters?

Answer 25

heated under reflux, dilute aqueous acid (catalyst)

Question 26

is the acid hydrolysis of esters reversible?

Answer 26

yes

Question 27

is the alkali hydrolysis of esters reversible?

Answer 27

no

Question 28

what are the conditions for alkali hydrolysis of esters?

Answer 28

reflux with aqueous OH- to form a carboxylic acid salt and alcohol

Question 29

how are acyl chlorides formed?

Answer 29

reacting acids with thionyl chloride at room temperature

Question 30

what are the properties of acyl chlorides?

Answer 30

very reactive with high yields. react with nucleophiles by losing Cl-. must be kept dry or will reform a carboxylic acid and hydrogen chloride

Question 31

why is SOCl2 used instead of SO2?

Answer 31

SO2 is toxic as it can form H2SO4 with water vapour. can be inhaled

Question 32

why is HCl hazardous?

Answer 32

it can react violently and forms dense fumes

Question 33

what do acyl chlorides form with alcohols?

Answer 33

esters and HCl

Question 34

do acyl chlorides react with phenols?

Answer 34

yes, to form phenol esters

Question 35

how are primary and secondary amides formed?

Answer 35

primary: ammonia to form X-anamide secondary: primary amines