Carbs 2

Question 1

What is a glycosidic bond

Answer 1

A bind between the anomeric carbon of a monosaccharide and an OH of another (can be anomeric or not)

Question 2

What is maltose

Answer 2

Two glucose bonded

Ones anomeric is bonded to c4 of the other

Question 3

What is sucrose

Answer 3

A glucose and a fructose

The fructose is flipped so both anomeric carbons are in the bond (c1 and c2)

Since flipped of the oh is down in the bond then it’s beta not alpha

Question 4

What is lactose

Answer 4

A galactose and a glucose

C1 of galactose and c4 of glucose

Beta -d- galactopyranosyl-(1-4)-alpha-d-glucopyranose

Question 5

Know how to name LACTOSE SUCROSE AND MALTOSE

Answer 5

Okay

Question 6

What are reducing sugars

Answer 6

The open form of the sugar has a free aldehyde group that can react with oxidizing agents (like cu2+)

Example: the coh in d glucose gets OXIDZED (gained oxygen) and turns to gluconic acid (COOH)

Question 7

What else is an oxidizing agent

Answer 7

DNS

Question 8

Can fructose (a ketose) be a reducing sugar

Answer 8

Yes under basic conditions because the ketone Keto enol tautomerization and turns into d glucose or d mannose

Which can then be oxidized

Question 9

All mono saccarides are

Answer 9

REDUCING SUGARS

Question 10

Is sucrose a reducing sugar

Is maltose

Answer 10

No, because both anomeric carbons are locked in the bond and can’t open up to be a ketone or aldehyde

Yes because the second glucose has a free anomeric carbon which can open up to be an aldehyde

Question 11

What is glycogen

Answer 11

A homo polymer (made of many copies of the same poly saccaride, glucose)

It a storage of glucose because it made only of glucose units

Mostly alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds
but branches are formed between alpha 1,6 bonds every 10 glucose units

Question 12

What another storage of glucose

Answer 12

Starch

Question 13

What is starch

Answer 13

Also a homo polymer of glucose

Is a reservoir of nutrition in plants

Has two kinds of forms : amylose (linear)

Amylopectin (branched)

Question 14

What is amylose

Answer 14

Just a bunch of glucose chains, no alpha 1 6 binds to form branches, just alpha 1 4

Question 15

What is amylopectin

Answer 15

It’s one alpha 1,6 bond every 30 alpha 1,4 bonds of glucose

Branches

Question 16

What are the three storages of glucose and what happens to them

Answer 16

Amylopectin, amylose, glycogen

They are quickly hydrolyzed by alpha amylase, an enzyme that cleaves the 1,4 glycosidic bonds in glucose

The product of this is then secreted by salivary gland and pancreas

Question 17

When starch and glycogen come together in chair conformation what shape do they make

Answer 17

A hollow helix shape

Question 18

What is cellulose

Answer 18

Another major polysaccharide of glucose in plants

Provides rigidity and structure of the cell wall of plants

Linear straight chain with beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds, hydrogen bond between the parallel chains

Question 19

What is the effect of the beta 1,4 binds in cellulose

Answer 19

It’s harder to digest because the beta bonds are harder to break

Question 20

What is inulin

Answer 20

Not a reducing sugar because it’s made of a bunch of sucroses (1,2 bonds)

Energy storage in plants

Non digestible easily

Question 21

What is the process of the pit cooking techniques to break down inulin

Answer 21

The have pre heated rocks under the moist vegetation. Roots are laid on top of the moist vegetation as well a soil and the roots are cooked for a long time

This helps with breaking the inulin into the monosaccharides glucose and fructose so the root becomes digestible