Carbs, Lipids, & Nucleic Acids Quiz

Question 1

what type of bond holds polymers together

Answer 1

covalent

Question 2

how do you make a polymer

Answer 2

dehydration synthesis (condensation)

Question 3

explain how dehydration synthesis reactions work

Answer 3

one monomer donates a negatively charged hydroxyl, another donates a positively charged hydrogen, forming hydrogen. it requires energy and enzymes

Question 4

how do you break down a polymer

Answer 4

digestion hydrolysis reactions (H2O is split into H+ and OH-, which attach to ends). it requires enzymes and releases energy

Question 5

carbohydrates are composed of..

Answer 5

(C, H, O) CH2O is the general formula

Question 6

what are the core functions of carbs

Answer 6

fast energy, energy storage, raw materials, structural naterials

Question 7

what is the technical name for glucose, and how many main carbons make up its cyclic structure?

Answer 7

hexose- 6C

Question 8

what is the technical name for ribose and how many carbons make up its cyclic structure?

Answer 8

pentose- 6C

Question 9

what is the technical name for glyceraldehyde and how many carbons make up its cyclic structure?

Answer 9

triose- 3C

Question 10

define a monosaccharide

Answer 10

it is a simple 1 monomer sugar; eg. glucose

Question 11

define a disaccharide

Answer 11

a sugar comprised of two monomers; eg. sucrose

Question 12

define a polysaccharide

Answer 12

large polymer sugar; eg. starch

Question 13

what is the covalent bond between di and polysaccharides called?

Answer 13

a glycosidic linkage

Question 14

what disaccharide do you get from glucose+glucose?

Answer 14

maltose

Question 15

what disaccharide do you get from glucose+fructose?

Answer 15

sucrose (table sugar)

Question 16

what disaccharide do you get from glucose+galactose?

Answer 16

lactose (milk sugar)

Question 17

what are the functions of polysaccharides

Answer 17

energy storage (starch in plants & glycogen in animals in the liver and muscles) + structure (cellulose in plants & chitin in arthropods and fungi)

Question 18

what is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

Answer 18

alpha glucose- OH is in low position on the right side of the structure.
beta glucose- OH is in higher position on the right side of the structure.

Question 19

where is alpha glucose found? what about beta glucose?

Answer 19

alpha glucose- starch
beta glucose- cellulose

Question 20

which is easy to digest and which is hard to digest; starch, cellulose

Answer 20

starch- easy to digest due to the low positioning of the oxygen (we have enzymes that break it down)
cellulose- hard to digest due to the higher positoning of the oxygen (we lack the enzymes to digest it, only bacteria can)

Question 21

name the three basic properties of lipids

Answer 21

1. hydrophobic
2. consist mostly of hydrocarbons
3. not true macromolecules (too small) polymers (not composed of repeating monomers)

Question 22

name the four biologically important lipids

Answer 22

fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes

Question 23

what makes up fats?

Answer 23

glycerol and fatty acids

Question 24

what is the structure of glycerol

Answer 24

alcohol with three carbons, each with a hyroxyl group attached

Question 25

what is the structure of a fatty acid

Answer 25

16-18 carbons in length, ends in carboxyl *note; the nonpolar C-H bonds make these hydrophobic

Question 26

what are the two types of fatty acids

Answer 26

saturated (all single bonds; saturated with H) + unsaturated (double bonds present; not saturated with H)

Question 27

why are unsaturated fatty acis kinked

Answer 27

presence of double bonds

Question 28

what is the structure of triglyceride

Answer 28

comprised of glycerol an three fatty acid chains attched to the oxygens from the original hydroxyls

Question 29

what is adipose tissue

Answer 29

a type of tissue composed of cells that store fat in the form of triglycerides

Question 30

what happens to triglycerides when we don't consume sufficient food

Answer 30

triglycerides will be broken down by hydrolysis reactions- releases glycerol and fatty acids to be used in cellular respiration

Question 31

name the features of a saturated fat

Answer 31

no double bond, can pack tightly, solid at room temp, eg. butter/lard, form that most animals use to store energy

Question 32

what is the bond between the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of triglyceride called

Answer 32

ester linkage

Question 33

name the features of unsaturated fats

Answer 33

double bond in one or more fatty acid chain, kinks in chain, cannot pack tightly, eg. most veggie oils, form that plants use to store energy, liquid at room temp

Question 34

what are the two unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 34

monounsaturated (one double bond) + polyunsaturated (more than one double bond; how plants store energy)

Question 35

what is the most unhealthy fat & why?

Answer 35

trans fat; increases the risk of <3 disease, produced industrially by adding hyrogen to liquid plant oils to make them more solid (unsaturated with 1 or more bonds in 'trans' configuration)

Question 36

what is the function of fats

Answer 36

energy storage (1g of fat stores 2x more energy than 1g of carb), cushions vital organs, insulates body

Question 37

what is the structure of a phospholipid

Answer 37

glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group (part hydrophobic & part hydrophilic = amphipathic) --> phosphate head, glycerol backbone, fatty acid tails

Question 38

what happens to phospholipids when they are added to water

Answer 38

since the tails are hydrophobic and the head is hydrophilic, they will assemble into bilayer structures, which shields the hydrophobic portions

Question 39

what are cell membranes comprised of

Answer 39

phospholipid bilayers

Question 40

what is the structure of a steroid

Answer 40

carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings

Question 41

what is an example of a key steroid

Answer 41

cholesterol