Carbs, Nucleic Acids, Lipids (11-13)

Question 1

The definition of a carbohydrate, what are the basic structural components

Answer 1

3-7 carbon chain, with many hydroxyl groups (OH), and one aldehyde or ketone (polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone)

Question 2

Carb formula

Answer 2

Cn(H2O)n

Question 3

Quiz Q: A carbohydrate may be defined as a molecule

Answer 3

that is an aldehyde or ketone that has more than one hydroxyl group source

Question 4

Monosaccharide

Answer 4

Monosaccharide = single sugar, 3-7 C in length

Can form stereoisomers
Can be alpha or beta

Can be cyclic
Can be alpha or beta

Question 5

Disaccharide

Answer 5

Disaccharide = 2 sugars linked by glycosidic bond

Question 6

Polysaccharide

Answer 6

Polysaccharide = many sugars (>10) linked together

Question 7

Relating to -saccharides: Glycosidic bond

Answer 7

hemiacetal and alcohol
Can be alpha or beta
(A hemiacetal is an alcohol and ether ATTACHED TO THE SAME CARBON.)

Question 8

ID Aldehyde Functional Group

Answer 8

H-C=O

Question 9

ID Ketone Functional Group

Answer 9

R-C-H

=O

Question 10

ID isomers of Glucose that we should know for the exam

Answer 10

Alpha and Beta D glucose

Can someone lmk what other ones i should be able to ID

Question 11

STARCH- polysaccharides

Answer 11

alpha D-glucose and alpha 1,4 link (OH down)
Storage
Forms helical coils / spherical particles

Question 12

GLYCOGEN -polysaccharides

Answer 12

Alpha D-glucose and alpha 1,4 link (OH down)
Storage
More highly branched than starch

Question 13

CELLULOSE -polysaccharide

Answer 13

Beta D-glucose and B 1,4 link (OH up)
Structural
Forms bundles - intra and interstrand hydrogen bonds
Composed of 1000s of glucose units that that due to the beta linkage can from extensive intrastrand
Interstrand hydrogen bonds

Question 14

Stereoisomers

Answer 14

Physical properties same
Differ in way they end polarized light
Don’t interact with same binding sites on enzymes/proteins

Question 15

Stereoisomeric forms because of chiral centers - carbon atom bonded to 4 different groups

Answer 15

Same chemical formula, different arrangements
Nonsuperimposable mirror images
Configuration about the chiral center furthest from the aldehyde or ketone determines if its in D or L configuration (most in D)

Question 16

Cyclization

Answer 16

Monosaccharides with 5-6 carbons atoms exist in cyclic form - form internal bond between carbonyl group and hydroxyl group (hemiacetal bond)

Question 17

The type of bond formed between monosaccharides in disaccharides and polysaccharides, how can they differ? And how can this affect the structure and properties of a polysaccharide

Answer 17

Glycosidic bond - hemiacetal + alcohol
Links monosaccharides to form disaccharides or polysaccharides
Can be alpha or beta configuration
Once bond formed, configuration is locked and results in different properties of the products

Question 18

DNA role

Answer 18

store genetic info (ATGC)

Question 19

DNA

Release genetic info

Answer 19

mRNA, TRNA, rRNA

Question 20

DNA Intermediates in metabolism

Answer 20

NAD+/NADH - redox coenzymes

ATP - energy storage

Question 21

Signaling molecules DNA

Answer 21

cAMP, cGMP

Question 22

Sugar

DNA VS RNA

Answer 22

D-ribose (RNA)

2-deoxyribose (DNA) (missing oxygen for carbon #2)

Question 23

Bases

DNA VS RNA

Answer 23

RNA: Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine
DNA: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

Question 24

3 components Nucleotide

Answer 24

five carbon sugar, base, phosphate

Question 25

Nucleotides linked by phosphodiester linkages between

Answer 25

free OH (3’) and free phosphate (5’)

Question 26

Nucleic acid is a

Answer 26

polymer of nucleotides

Question 27

double strands running antiparallel, form double helix

Answer 27

DNA

Question 28

_____ bonds between strands - hold bases together (complementary base pairing)

Answer 28

Hydrogen

Question 29

For H bonds in DNA: | DONOR

Answer 29

NH groups

Question 30

For H bonds in DNA: | ACCEPTORS

Answer 30

O or N

Question 31

Alternating sugar and phosphate backbone

Answer 31

DNA

Question 32

DNA strands run

Answer 32

antiparallel (5’ to 3’ and ‘3 to 5’) 5’ has free phosphate group 3’ has free OH group

Question 33

Major and minor grooves formed in double helix - sites for _____

Answer 33

proteins to bind

Question 34

Quiz Q | The backbone of a nucleic acid molecule consists of

Answer 34

alternating sugar and phosphate groups linked by phosphodiester bonds

Question 35

RNA structure

Answer 35

Single stranded

Question 36

RNA Phosphodiester linkages between strands

Answer 36

(3’ OH and 5’ phosphate)

Question 37

Nucleic acids that are intermediates in metabolism

Answer 37

ATP, NAD+/NADH

Question 38

Roles in metabolism: | ATP

Answer 38

energy storage, cleaving phosphate releases energy that can be used to do work

Question 39

Roles in metabolism: | NAD+

Answer 39

electron acceptor, can be reduced to NADH when carbon is oxidized

Question 40

Roles in metabolism: | NADH

Answer 40

stored from of chemical energy, carries electrons, can be oxidized to release energy to make ATP (oxidative phosphorylation)

Question 41

Lipids are hydrophilic/hydrophobic, insoluble/soluble, nonpolar/polar short or long hydrocarbon chains

Answer 41

hydrophobic, insoluble, nonpolar | Long hydrocarbon chains

Question 42

Functions of Lipids (3)

Answer 42

Energy storage Component of cell membranes Signaling molecules

Question 43

Basic fatty acid structure

Answer 43

Long hydrocarbon chains (16-20 carbons longs) with a single carboxylic acid at 1 end

Question 44

Basic fatty acid structure SATURATED

Answer 44

no double bonds (higher melting point, forms solids/fats)

Question 45

Basic fatty acid structure UNSATURATED

Answer 45

1 or more double bonds - creates kink - can be cis or trans (lower melting point, forms liquids/oils)

Question 46

Carboxyl group on lipids

Answer 46

HO-C=O

Question 47

Shorthand notation of a fatty acid given the structure

Answer 47

C(#carbons : #double bonds) | Count from the carboxylic acid

Question 48

Triglyceride structural components (how structure effects the properties of a triglyceride. Is it an oil or a fat?)

Answer 48

Triglyceride = glycerol backbone (CH2OH) and 3 fatty acid tails (can be different) Saturated fatty acids - forms solid/fat, has higher melting point Unsaturated fatty acid tails - forms liquid/oil, lower melting point

Question 49

Phospholipid structural components

Answer 49

Phospholipids have a glycerol or sphingomyelin backbone with 2 fatty acids and a phosphate and polar head group esterified to it

Question 50

Phospholipid role in membranes

Answer 50

Important components of cell membranes because of amphipathic properties - hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails No unsaturated fatty acids - tight, lower permeability and fluidity Many unsaturated fatty acids - kinked cause not to fit together tightly, higher permeability and fluidity

Question 51

Glycolipids: what is their function in a membrane

Answer 51

Glycolipids are cell signaling molecules on the the membrane | They have a sphingosine backbone

Question 52

Glycolipids: how define ABO blood group

Answer 52

Variable sugar groups serve as recognition sites on the surface of cells - example ABO blood groups have different sugars

Question 53

DO KAHN VID ON

Answer 53

ABO blood group and glycolipids

Question 54

General structure of sterols

Answer 54

Steroid nucleus - 3 6-carbon rings and 1 5-carbon ring Rigid and planar structure

Question 55

Importance of Cholesterol in membranes and as a precursor to other molecules

Answer 55

Cholesterol is the most common sterol Important lipid component of animal membranes Steroid nucleus with hydrocarbon chain Nonpolar/hydrophobic but has single OH group Inserts into bilayer and increases rigidity Serves as precursor for steroid hormones (signaling molecules) and bile acid

Question 56

Alpha has OH ____ configuration

Answer 56

down

Question 57

Alpha D glucose and B D glucose are ____ stereoisomers

Answer 57

cyclic

Question 58

Beta has OH ____ configuration

Answer 58

up