carcinogenesis

Question 1

aflatoxins

Answer 1

hepatocellular carcinoma. derived from aspergillus, rice and grains

Question 2

alkylating agents

Answer 2

leukemia and lymphoma. chemotherapy

Question 3

alcohol

Answer 3

squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx and upper esophagus, and hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 4

arsenic

Answer 4

squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, lung cancer, angiosarcoma. cigarette smoke

Question 5

asbestos

Answer 5

mesothelioma. and lung cancer. more likely to lead to lung cancer rather than mesothelioma

Question 6

cigarette smoke

Answer 6

oropharynx, squamous cell of the esophagus. lung cancer. kidney, bladder, pancreas most common carcinogen worldwide. polycyclic hydrocarbons.

Question 7

nitrosamines

Answer 7

intestinal type of stomach cancer. found in smoked foods. high rate in japan.

Question 8

naphthylamine

Answer 8

urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. derived from cigarette smoke

Question 9

vinyl chloride

Answer 9

angiosarcoma of the liver.

Question 10

nickel, chromium, beryllium, silica

Answer 10

lung carcinoma, occupational exposure

Question 11

EBV

Answer 11

nasopharyngeal carcinoma, chinese males, african individuals. burkitt lymphoma, CNS lymphoma in AIDS.

Question 12

HHV-8

Answer 12

kaposi sarcoma. tumor of endothelial cells. european males. AIDS

Question 13

ionizing radiation

Answer 13

nuclear reactor accidents, and radiotherapy. causes AML, CML, papillary cancer of the thyroid. hydroxyl-free radicals.

Question 14

nonionizing radiation

Answer 14

UVB sunlight. basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell, melanoma. creates pyramidine dimers in the DNA. normally excised by restriction endonucleases.

Question 15

xeroderma pigmentosa

Answer 15

restriction endonucleases arent functioning and thus the children get severe sunlight reactions

Question 16

PDGF

Answer 16

overexpression, autocrine loop, astrocytoma

Question 17

ERBB2

Answer 17

epidermal growth factor receptor amplification subset of breast cancers.

Question 18

RET

Answer 18

neural growth factor receptor, point mutation, MEN2a, 2B sporadic medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.

Question 19

KIT

Answer 19

stem cell growth factor. gastrointestinal stromal tumor.

Question 20

RAS family gene

Answer 20

GTP binding, point mutation, carcinoma, melanoma, lymphoma.

Question 21

ABL

Answer 21

tyrosine kinase t(9,22) with BCR, CML and ALL. this is philadelphia chromosome

Question 22

c-myc

Answer 22

t(8,14) involving IgH burkitt lymphoma.

Question 23

N-Myc

Answer 23

neuroblastoma

Question 24

L-myc

Answer 24

amplification in lung carcinoma

Question 25

cyclin CCND1

Answer 25

t(11, 14) involving IgH. mantle cell lymphoma.

Question 26

CDK4

Answer 26

amplification in melanoma

Question 27

Bcl2 can cause cancer how

Answer 27

overexpression causes less apoptosis and thus more cancer cells. follicular lymphoma. no apoptosis in somatic hypermutation

Question 28

hematogenous spread of which carcinomas

Answer 28

renal cell, hepatocellular, follicular carcinoma, choriocarcinoma

Question 29

what type of cancer seeds body cavities

Answer 29

ovarian cancer omental caking.

Question 30

what is important in immune surveillance of cancer

Answer 30

MHC I

Question 31

benign clinical characteristics

Answer 31

slow growing, well circumscribed, distinct, mobile.

Question 32

cancer clinical characteristics

Answer 32

rapid growing, poorly circumscribed, infiltrative, fixed to surrounding tissues and local structures.

Question 33

histological benign

Answer 33

look similar to the tissues they are in. organized growth, uniform nuclei, low nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, minimal mitotic activity, lack of invasion, no metastatic potential.

Question 34

malignant characteristics

Answer 34

poorly differentiated, disorganized growth, nuclear pleomorphism and hypochromasia, high nuclear to cytoplamic ratio, high mitotic activity with atypical mitosis

Question 35

what is the absolute difference between benign and malignant

Answer 35

the potential for malignancy

Question 36

keratin

Answer 36

epithelial

Question 37

vimentin

Answer 37

mesenchyme

Question 38

desmin

Answer 38

muscle

Question 39

GFAP

Answer 39

neuroglia

Question 40

neurofilament

Answer 40

neurons

Question 41

chromogranin

Answer 41

neuroendocrine cells

Question 42

S-100

Answer 42

melanoma, schwannoma, langerhans cell histiocytosis

Question 43

what is the number one prognostic factor

Answer 43

staging. more important than grade