Carcinogens

Question 1

Carcinogen

Answer 1

A substance capable of causing cancer in living tissues.

Question 2

Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis/tumorigenesis

Answer 2

formation of cancer by transforming normal cells into cancer cells due to accumulation of multiple mutations.

Question 3

Steps of carcinogenesis

Answer 3

1- initiation: exposure of carcinogen to a cell causes permanent dna damage
2- promotion: cell proliferation and clinal expansion of the initiated cells
3- progression: further mutations in the subclones of the initiated cells–>cancer becomes malignant—–>invasive and metastatic

Question 4

Chemicals in a cigarette

Answer 4

more than 4000
nicotine carbon monoxide
toluene methane butane cadmium arsenic ammonia
hexamine methanol stearic acid
tar

Question 5

Monoclonal

Answer 5

originate from a single ancestral cell

Question 7

Direct acting carcinogens

Answer 7

they do not require metabolic activation to become carcinogenic
eg; alkylating agents (chemotherapeutic drugs)

Question 8

Indirect acting carcinogens

Answer 8

Require metabolic activation to become carcinogenic