Cardiac

Question 1

4 heart valves?

Answer 1

Aortic, mitral, pulmonary, tricuspid

Question 2

ligamentum arteriosum was what?

Answer 2

ductus arteriosus

Question 3

What enters the right atrium

Answer 3

SVC + IVC + coronary sinus

Question 4

What enters the left atrium

Answer 4

pulmonary veins

Question 5

Base of heart?

Answer 5

upward, backward and to the right

Question 6

Apex of heart?

Answer 6

downward, forward and to the left

Question 7

what is the coronary sulcus

Answer 7

separates the atria from the ventricles

Question 8

What contributes to the SVC

Answer 8

left and right brachiocephalic veins

Question 9

what contributes to the IVC

Answer 9

hepatic veins, inferior phrenic veins, lumbar veins, renal veins, right suprarenal vein, right ovarian/testicular vein, common iliac veins

Question 10

4 parts of the IVC

Answer 10

intrahepatic, suprarenal, renal, infrarenal

Question 11

what is the infundibulum

Answer 11

conical pouch formed from the upper and left angle of the RV where the pulmonary artery arises

Question 12

Transverse pericardial sinus

Answer 12

open at both ends and formed by the reflection of visceral serosal pericardium from the posterior aspects of the aortic and pulmonary trunks

Question 13

Oblique pericardial sinus

Answer 13

cul de sac of the serous pericardium, provides expansion space for the left atrium

Question 14

fibrous pericardium

Answer 14

most superficial later of the pericardium

Question 15

Cusps of pulmonary valve

Answer 15

left, right and anterior semilunar cusps

Question 16

cusps of aortic valve

Answer 16

left, right and posterior semilunar cusps

Question 17

How to measure the heart size

Answer 17

Cardiothoracic ratio (should be <50%)

Question 18

ICD has thicker leads than a pacemaker?

Answer 18

yes

Question 19

what complications should you look for post pacemaker insertion?

Answer 19

pneumothorax and pleural effusion

Question 20

lead of single chamber PPM

Answer 20

RV

Question 21

leads of dual chamber PPM

Answer 21

right atrial appendage and RV apex

Question 22

biventricular/CRTD PPM leads

Answer 22

right atrial appendage, RV apex and coronary sinus (wedged in a left cardiac vein overlying LV)

Question 23

describe the double SVC as a variant

Answer 23

the left SVC enters the coronary sinus which then enters the right atrium

Question 24

right sided aortic arch variant

Answer 24

courses to the right of the trachea

Question 25

Type A aortic dissection

Answer 25

Ascending aorta

Question 26

Type B aortic dissection

Answer 26

descending aorta

Question 27

Aortic ductus diverticulum?

Answer 27

developmental outpouching of the thoracic aorta which may be mistaken for an acute aortic injury, seen at the anteromedial aspect of the aorta at the site of the aortic isthmus, where the ligamentum arteriosum attaches

Question 28

clinical importance of aortic ductus diverticulum and what should you do

Answer 28

- may be mistaken for traumatic pseudoaneurysm - do an ECG gated CT for aortic root sinus (motion free imaging) if in any doubt

Question 29

Aortic root cusps for coronary arteries

Answer 29

RAS - RCA LAS - LMS NCS - no arteries

Question 30

Branches of the RCA

Answer 30

PDA and PLB

Question 31

what determines the dominant circulation in the heart

Answer 31

which vessel branches the PDA

Question 32

Branches of the LMS

Answer 32

LCx and LAD

Question 33

Branches of the LAD

Answer 33

Septal and Diagonals

Question 34

Branches of the LCx

Answer 34

Obtuse marginals (unidirectional)

Question 35

Where do acute marginal arteries branch from

Answer 35

RCA

Question 36

Anatomical coronary artery variants

Answer 36

1. Ramus intermedius 2. PLB from LCx 3. Left dominant circulation 4. Balanced circulation

Question 37

What is ramus intermedius

Answer 37

trifurcation of the LMS