Cardiac

Question 1

What is cardiomyopathy?

Answer 1

Disease of heart muscle

Question 2

What is arrythmia?

Answer 2

irregular heartbeat

Question 3

What is bradycardia?

Answer 3

slow heart rate

Question 4

What is tachycardai?

Answer 4

fast heart rate

Question 5

What is atrial fibrillation?

Answer 5

irregular/fast contraction of atria. Working independent of ventricles

Question 6

What is Ischemia?

Answer 6

local, temporary lack of blood supply due to obstruction

Question 7

What is the major role of diagnosing cardiovascular disease?

Answer 7

CHF & AMI

Question 8

What is the common cause for congenital heart defects?

Answer 8

maternal rubella infection (reason why to get prenatorl blood work done)

Question 9

What arises congenital heart defects?

Answer 9

abnormal formation of heart and blood vessells

Question 10

What is tetralogy of fallot?

Answer 10

It’s a congenital heart defect that causes hole in the heart. Major structural abnormalities that affects blood flow through the heart

Question 11

What is Heart failure also known as?

Answer 11

CHF

Question 12

What is impaired in CHF?

Answer 12

ability of ventricle to fill or pump blood. Left side isn’t able to pump blood correctly

Question 13

What causes pulmonary edema in CHF?

Answer 13

fluid builid up.

Question 14

In CHF was happens to the blood flow?

Answer 14

it’s reduced in the circulation. This causes perfusion through organs to be reduced

Question 15

What do the kidneys do in CHF?

Answer 15

retain excess fluid and Na to increase BP. Makes HF worse. Excess fluid results in sstemic edema

Question 16

What is a general term for acute coronary syndrome?

Answer 16

continuum of events

Question 17

What is the most common cause for coronary syndrome?

Answer 17

atherosclerosis.

Question 18

What are the common symptoms for coronary syndrome?

Answer 18

chest pain, pain to arm, jaw or neck. nausea, dypsnea, diaphoreis, lightheaded

Question 19

What is the systolic in Hypertensive heart disease?

Answer 19

greater than 140

Question 20

What is the diastolic in hypertensive heart disease?

Answer 20

greater than 90

Question 21

What happens with every systolic increase over 20 and diastolic over 10?

Answer 21

Doubles the risk of MI or stroke

Question 22

What causes rheumatic heart disease?

Answer 22

rheumatic fever. Autoimmune response from infecton of group A beta hemolytic strep infection

Question 23

What is infected in infective endocarditis?

Answer 23

endocardium is infected by microorganism or fungi. Strep and staph are common agents.

Question 24

What causes pericarditis?

Answer 24

bacteria, viral, or funal. Autoimmune disorders as wll.

Question 25

What is pericarditis?

Answer 25

inflammation of pericardium. Fluid build around heart

Question 26

What are non-lab tests for lab and diagnosis of heart disease?

Answer 26

EKG: easy & cheap. | Nuclear imaging: better sensitivity/spec but not practical

Question 27

What are the lab tests for heart disease?

Answer 27

markers for MI, inflammation & risk assessment

Question 28

What is CK used for?

Answer 28

general screen but is too non specific. increase seen in 6 hours. Back to normal in 3 days.

Question 29

What is CKMB?

Answer 29

more cardia specific. Rise 4-6 hrs. Peak 12-24 hrs and normal 2-3 days post onsent

Question 30

What does less than 3 mean for CKMB/CK index?

Answer 30

MUSCLE

Question 31

What does greater than 6 mean for CKMB/CK index?

Answer 31

MI

Question 32

What is the LD1/LD2 flip?

Answer 32

LD1 is greater than LD peak at 48 hrs. Back to normal within 10 days.

Question 33

What is the gold standard for contractile proteins?

Answer 33

Troponin

Question 34

What does troponin do?

Answer 34

binds calcium and regulates muscle contraction

Question 35

When does troponin rise, peak and come back to normal?

Answer 35

Rise:4-6 hrs Peak:12-18 hrs and Normal: 4-10 days (catches old MI's that don't come in)

Question 36

What is the normal range for troponin?

Answer 36

0.1 ng/ml

Question 37

What can cause a false pos for contractile proteins?

Answer 37

TnT with ESRD

Question 38

What is Myoglobin?

Answer 38

O2 binding heme protein found in cardia and skeletal muscle (non-specific(

Question 39

When will myoglobin rise, peak, and go back to normal?

Answer 39

Rise: 1-3 hrs, Peak in all MI patients 6-9 hrs, normal 18-24 hrs

Question 40

What is the reference range of myoglobin for males and females?

Answer 40

Males 30-90 ng/dL | Females less than 50 ng/dl

Question 41

What would a negative myoglobin after 6-8 hours indicate?

Answer 41

Not likely MI

Question 42

What is CRP?

Answer 42

Acute phase protein

Question 43

Where is CRP produce?

Answer 43

the liver and is response to infection, injury and inflammation.

Question 44

What kind of maker is CRP?

Answer 44

non-specific for inflammation

Question 45

What is hsCRP?

Answer 45

more cardiac specific bc small changes can be seen earlier.

Question 46

What is higher hsCRP associated with?

Answer 46

higher risk of future cardiac related mobidity and moraltiy

Question 47

What is homocysteine?

Answer 47

HCYST is an amino acid found in the blood

Question 48

What is hyperhomcyteniemia related to?

Answer 48

increased risk of CHD, stroke and peripheral vascular disease

Question 49

What does HCYST cause damage to?

Answer 49

lining of blood vessels and promotes clotting

Question 50

What can cause homocysteine?

Answer 50

deficiencines in folate, VIT B6 and B12

Question 51

What are important hormones for cardia homeostasis?

Answer 51

natriuretic pepties

Question 52

What is released during ventricular stretch or stress by myocyes in the absence of necroses?

Answer 52

ProBNP

Question 53

What causes the stretching of myocytes?

Answer 53

increased fluid volume in CHF and causes release of BNP and NT proBNP

Question 54

What is the advantage of proBNP over BNP?

Answer 54

proBNP hase 1.5 hour half life compared to BNP having 20 min half life

Question 55

What is used to assess prognosis of MI or CHF?

Answer 55

BNP and proBNP

Question 56

What kind of drugs need to be monitored for cardiac panels?

Answer 56

digoxin and lidocaine

Question 57

Why is digoxin given?

Answer 57

to increase contractions. Too much of it can be toxic and will produce same symptoms it is given for

Question 58

What is lidocaine given for?

Answer 58

arrhythmias. Toxic concentrations can cause them