Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NUR352 2018 > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

(58 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the systematic approach for recognising rhythms on an ECG

A

QRS regular or irregular?
P Waves present?
QRS normal or prolonged?
Is there a QRS for every P Wave?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the normal P - R Interval?

A

< 5 small squares OR

< 0.2 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the normal QRS Complex width?

A

2.5 small squares OR 0.1 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How long does a small square on an ECG represent?

A

0.04 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How long does one Large square represent on an ECG?

A

0.2 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How long does 5 Large squares / 25mm represent on an ECG?

A

1 second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do you calculate a REGULAR HR on an ECG?

A

Count the number of large squares between 2 R Waves and divide by 300

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do you calculate an IRREGULAR HR on an ECG?

A

Count 30 large squares (6 seconds), count the number of R Waves in that space and times by 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the lead placement on a 12-Lead ECG

A

Limb Leads
• Left arm and leg
• Right arm and leg

Chest leads
• V1 - 4th ICS right sternal border
• V2 - 4th ICS Left sternal border
• V3 - between V2 and V4
• V4 - 5th ICS mid-Clavicular line
• V5 - 5th ICS Anterior Axilla
• V6 - 5th ICS Mid Axilla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the shockable rhythms?

A

VT and VF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which part of the heart do leads 1, aVL, V5 and V6 look at?

A

Lateral aspect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which ECG leads measure the lateral aspect of the heart?

A

1, aVL, V5 and V6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which aspect of the heart do ECG leads 2, 3 and aVF look at?

A

Inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which ECG leads measure the Inferior aspect of the heart?

A

2, 3 and aVF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which ECG leads measure the Septal aspect of the heart?

A

Leads V1 and V2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What aspect of the heart do leads V1 and V2 measure?

A

Septal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What aspect of the heart do leads V1, V2, V4 and V3 measure?

A

Anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which ECG leads measure the Anterior aspect of the heart?

A

Leads V1, V2, V3 and V4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?

A

An umbrella term that encompasses any condition brought on by a sudden reduction or blockage of blood flow to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some ischaemic causes of chest pain?

A

ACS
Stable Angina
Severe aortic stenosis
Tachy arrhythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some Non-Ischaemic cardiovascular causes of chest pain?

A

Aortic dissection
PE
Pericarditis
Myocarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are some Non-Ischaemic non-cardiovascular causes of chest pain?

A

Musculoskeletal
GI
Pulmonary
Other (sickle cell crisis, herpes zoster)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the Initial Assessment requirements for those presenting with Acute chest pain or ACS symptoms?

A
  • 12 - Lead ECG recorded and assessed < 10 mins of presentstion
  • receive care based on the ACS assessment protocol
  • have bloods taken to measure cardiac specific troponin and CK-MB enzyme
  • maintain Sa02 <93% in non-COPD patients and apply supplemental oxygen if below
  • maintain Sa02 88-92% in COPD patients
  • administer Aspirin 300mg PO unless contraindicated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Trace the cardiac conduction system

Study These Flashcards
A

SA/pacemaker node -> AV Node -> Bundle of His -> Purkinje fibres

25
Which aspect of the heart does the Right Bundle Branch supply
Right Ventricular Apex
26
Which aspect of the heart does the Left Bundle Branch supply
Left anterior and left posterior aspect
27
Which aspect of the heart do the Purkinje fibres supply
Ventricular apices to Outer Myocardium
28
What differentiates cardiac cells from other muscle cells of the body?
The are “autorhythmic” meaning they are capable of soontaneous depolarisation
29
What does the P wave on an ECG represent?
RA/LA depolarisation
30
What does the QRS represent
Ventricular depolarisation | Atrial repolarisation occurs concurrently
31
What does the ST Segment represent?
Ventricular depolarisation | Ventricles contract
32
What does the T wave represent
Ventricular repolarisation
33
What is cardiac output?
The amount of blood that is pumped out of the heart into circulation over one minute • litres/minute (approx 5L/min)
34
What is end-diastolic volume
Maximum amount of blood that fills the ventricle during relaxation
35
What is end- systolic volume
Maximum amount of blood that remains in the ventricle at the end of contraction
36
What is the Ejection Fraction
The percentage of blood filled into the ventricle and then ejected with ventricular contraction (End diastolic volume - end systolic volume)
37
What factors determine Cardiac Output
Preload Afterload Myocardial contractility Heart rate
38
What is the ‘Frank-Starling Law’?
The length-tension relationship that determines Cardiac Output Excessive stretching wears tension properties, as seen in Heart Failure
39
What are Inotropes
Drugs that affect cardiac contractility +ve inotropes increase • Adrenaline & Noradrenaline -ve inotropes decrease • Dopamine, Acetylcholine-> PSNS & Vagus Nerve
40
How does oxygenation affect heart contractility?
Contractility is reduced with SaO2 < 50% Contractility is increased with SaO2 50-90%
41
What is the ‘Bainbridge Reflex’ ?
Where the HR increases with increased venous return or post IVH administration R/t increased pressure in RA by stretch receptors
42
What is Coronary Heart Disease?
Conditions that affect the coronary blood vessels that supply the heart with nutrients and oxygen
43
Explain the pathophysiology of Myocardial Ischaemia
Develops if blood flow or oxygen content of blood is insufficient to meet metabolic demands
44
Explain the manifestations of Angina
Transient substernal pain that lasts 3-5 minutes. Can be described as heaviness or pressure to severe pain or “clenching”
45
What are the 4 types of Angina
Stable Angina Prinzmetals Angina Silent Ischaemia Unstable Angina
46
Explain Stable Angina
Gradual luminal narrowing and hardening associated with physical exertion or emotional stress
47
Explain Prinzmetals Angina
Occurs mainly at night during sleep and is related to SNS hyperactivity and coronary vasospasm
48
Explain Silent Ischaemia
Asymptomatic. Manifests as fatigue, dyspnoea, anxiety and unease. Common in women
49
What is unstable angina
Result of myocardial ischaemia Strong indicator of impending MI Thrombus ruptures but dissociates within 20 minutes before permanent myocyte damage
50
Acute MI
Results from extended blood flow occlusion leading to myocyte death
51
What are the 2 types of MI
Subendocardial (NSTEMI) | Transmural (STEMI)
52
Describe a subendocardial MI (NSTEMI)
Occurs when significant occlusion in the coronary artery impedes blood flow due to a ruptured plaque and subsequent thrombosis Infarct occurs distally and ischaemia proximally to the supplying vessels The Endocardium still receives blood from blood pooling in ventricles No ST-Elevation ST-Depression seen
53
Describe a Transmural MI (STEMI)
Complete occlusion from thrombosis clot occludes blood flow Infarction begins distally and moves proximally towards occluded vessel until revascularisation occurs Transmural involves the whole Myocardium Risk of damage and rupture of the papillary muscles Potential complications Mitral Regurgitation or Prolapse ECG shows ST-Elevation Evidence of LBBB • V1 Depressed QRS ‘W’ • V6 Widened QRS ‘M’
54
Explain the drug CATOPRIL
ACE - Inhibitor 50 - 100mg PO Daily Interactions: Loop Diuretics, NSAIDs, Lithium, Potassium Sparing Diuretics
55
Explain the drug DIGOXIN
``` Cardiac medication which Increases contractility Decreases Dysrrhythmias Decreases HR Decreases conduction through AV Node ``` Loading Dose: 250-500mcg/ Max 1.5mg Onset: 30-120mins PO 5-30mins IV
56
Explain the drug Amiodarone
Indications: Atrial and Ventricular Arrhythmias Acute Tachyarrhythmias MOA: Blocks Potassium, Sodium and Calcium channels • Increases refeactory period in all cardiac tissues Dose: 100mg - 200mg PO Daily
57
Explain the drug ADENOSINE
``` Indications: Acute SVT, Cardiac Dx Procedures MOA: Depends on receptor subtype Inhibits Potassium channel opening Inhibits pacemaker of SA Node Decreases contractility ```
58
Explain the drug GTN
Glyceral Trinitrate is used to prevent and treat stable angina as well as treat stable angina and HF associated with acute MI SL Tabs: 300-600mcg every 3 - 4 mins (max 3 tabs) SL Spray: 2 x sprays every 5 mins IV: 5 - 10mcg/min Contraindicated in cardiomyopathy, aortic or mitral valve stenosis, severe anaemia, raised ICP, glaucoma, hypotension and hypovolaemia

NUR352 2018 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions