Cardiac

Question 1

Most common type of heart defect

Answer 1

Ventricular septal

Question 2

Because mortality rate is ______, the population of people with CHDs is _____

Answer 2

Decreasing

Growing

Question 3

3 Left-to-Right Shunt problems

Answer 3

1. Ventricular Septal Defect
2. Persistent Ductus Arteriosus
3. Atrial Septal Defect

Question 4

3 Outflow problems

Answer 4

1. Pulmonary Stenosis
2. Aortic Stenosis
3. Coarctation of the aorta

Question 5

2 Cyanotic problems

Answer 5

1. Tetralogy of Fallot

2. Transposition of the great arteries

Question 6

Abnormal opening between the right and left atria

Answer 6

Atrial Septal Defect

Question 7

Potential problems if an ASD is large

Answer 7

Hypertension, right side heart enlargement, cardiac heart failure, atrial arrhythmias, stroke

Question 8

4 types of ASD

Answer 8

1. Secundum
2. Sinus Venosus Type
3. Ostium Premium
4. Coronary Sinus Atrial Septal Defect

Question 9

Most common ASD

Answer 9

Secundum

Question 10

Failure of the atrial septum to close during development

Answer 10

Secundum ASD

Question 11

Drainage of the right pulmonary vein into the right atria instead of the left

Answer 11

Sinus Venosus Type ASD

Question 12

Clefting of the mitral valve

Answer 12

Ostium Premium

Question 13

Ostium Premium is commonly associated with what type of patients?

Answer 13

Down Syndrome

Question 14

More rare type of ASD

Answer 14

Coronary Sinus ASD

Question 15

Fontan Circulation

Answer 15

Similar to having one ventricle (VSD)

Question 16

3 types of VSD

Answer 16

1. Membranous
2. Muscular
3. Atrioventricular Canal Type VSD

Question 17

2 types of Muscular VSD

Answer 17

1. Singular

2. Multiple

Question 18

Most common type of VSD

Answer 18

Membranous

Question 19

Type of VSD that often spontaneously closes (no surgery needed)

Answer 19

Singular muscular VSD

Question 20

What appearance does multiple muscular VSD have?

Answer 20

Swiss cheese

Question 21

The atriventricular canal type VSD occurs near the ____

Answer 21

Tricuspid

Question 22

A patent ductus arteriosus leads to blood traveling from the _____ to the _____

Answer 22

Aorta

Pulmonary artery

Question 23

Initially, a patent ductus arteriosus is _____ (cyanotic/acyanotic), and leads to _____ (cyanotic/acyanotic) if not treated

Answer 23

Acyanotic

Cyanotic

Question 24

Tetralogy of Fallot has a ____ predilection

Answer 24

Male

Question 25

Most common cyanotic defect after 1 yo

Answer 25

Tetralogy of Fallot

Question 26

4 Features of Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 26

1. VSD 2. Pulmonary stenosis 3. R Ventricular hypertrophy 4. Transposition of the aorta

Question 27

Narrowing of the aorta

Answer 27

Coarctation

Question 28

Coarctation causes upper body _____ (hypertension/hypotension) and lower body _____ (hypertension/hypotension)

Answer 28

HTN | Hypotension

Question 29

Where does coarctation of the aorta typically occur?

Answer 29

Where ductus arteriosus closes

Question 30

What type of patient is more likely to get infective endocarditis?

Answer 30

Heart transplant recipients during the first 6 months after their transplant

Question 31

3 pediatric patients that require prophylaxis?

Answer 31

1. Cyanotic CHD 2. 6 months after repair procedure 3. CHD with residual defects

Question 32

What dental treatments require prophylaxis?

Answer 32

Manipulation of gingival tissue/periapical region of the tooth, perforation of the oral mucosa

Question 33

What medications can worsen the cardiovascular status?

Answer 33

Respiratory depressants such as opioids, barbituates, and other sedatives

Question 34

What agents can produce tachycardia?

Answer 34

Atropine and similar agents

Question 35

A small amount of epi in a cardiac patient is okay EXCEPT in patients with:

Answer 35

Restricted outflow track defects

Question 36

What post-opmedication should you NOT use in cardiac patients? What should you use? Why?

Answer 36

Avoid NSAIDS Use acetaminophen Increased risk of bleeding, can exacerbate heart failure

Question 37

Normal INR

Answer 37

0.9-1.3

Question 38

Therapeutic range of INR

Answer 38

2-4

Question 39

Most appropriate level of anticoagulation for dental extractions (INR = __-__)

Answer 39

1.5-2.4

Question 40

A high INR indicates _________. A low INR indicates ______.

Answer 40

``` High = high chance of bleeding Low = high chance of clotting ```