Cardiac and Perfusion

Question 1

Perfusion

Answer 1

passage of fluid through circulatory system or lymphatic system to an organ or tissue

Question 2

Cardiac Output

Answer 2

amount of volume that blood is pumped by the heart in 1 minute (mL/min)

(stroke volume x heart rate)

Question 3

Ejection Fraction

Answer 3

% of blood pumped out of the LEFT ventricle with each contraction

Normal = >50%
<40% = heart failure

Question 4

Pulse Pressure

Answer 4

Difference of systolic and diastolic BP

Normal = 1/3 of SBP

High due to: atherosclerosis, exercise
Low due to: severe heart failure, hypovolemia

Question 5

Pulse Alternans

Answer 5

Regular rhythm but strength (amplitude) of pulse varies with each beat.

Question 6

Indirect Measurements of cardiac output

Answer 6

BP and HR (vitals)

Question 7

Hypotension

Answer 7

Low blood pressure

<90mmHg

Question 8

Hypertension

Answer 8

High blood pressure

Question 9

Ischemia

Answer 9

Tissue death

Question 10

Stroke

Answer 10

Cerebral vascular accident

Question 11

Necrosis

Answer 11

Inflammation + bacteria growth

Question 12

Peripheral Vascular Resistance

Answer 12

amount of effort that heart has to overcome to get blood to the periphery

Question 13

Orthostatic Hypotension

Answer 13

When standing up from position and blood pressure drops

More likely in: immobilized pts, pregnant women, pts without high blood volume, elderly

Question 14

Another word for chest pain

Answer 14

Angina

Question 15

DASH diet

Answer 15

Diet Approaches to Stop Hypertension

Rich in fruits and veggies, whole grains, low sodium, low fat dairy

Question 16

Myocardial Infarction

Answer 16

Another phrase for heart attack

Question 17

Exogenous

Answer 17

when we eat/ingest cholersterol and triglycerides

Question 18

Endogenous

Answer 18

when our body makes cholesterol and triglycerides

Question 19

Hyperlipidemia

Answer 19

too many lipids (cholesterol/triglycerides) in the blood stream

Question 20

Venous Thromboembolism

Answer 20

obstruction of blood vessel by blood clot that dislodged from the site of circulation

DVT + PE = VTE

starts in legs and moves to lungs

Question 21

s2 represents

Answer 21

closure of aortic and pulmonic valves

Question 22

s1 represents

Answer 22

tricuspid and mitral valve closures

Question 23

murmurs sound like

Answer 23

swooshing or swishing sounds

Question 24

Alterations in cardiac output are affected by

Answer 24

alterations in HR, stroke volume and myocardial contractility

Question 25

Normal BP

Answer 25

force exerted by blood against blood vessel walls 120/80

Question 26

What can low pulse pressure be due to

Answer 26

severe heart failure hypovolemia

Question 27

What can high pulse pressure be due to

Answer 27

atherosclerosis exercise

Question 28

CAB

Answer 28

compressions airway breathing

Question 29

Rate of compressions for CPR

Answer 29

100-120/min

Question 30

Depth of compressions for CPR

Answer 30

2-3 inches

Question 31

Breaths for CPR

Answer 31

2 rescue breaths per rotation only needed for children or babies

Question 32

Elevated BP

Answer 32

120-129 and <80

Question 33

Stage 1 HTN

Answer 33

130-139 or 80-89

Question 34

Stage 2 HTN

Answer 34

140+ or 90+

Question 35

HTN crisis

Answer 35

180+ and/or 120+

Question 36

Factors influencing BP

Answer 36

age stress ethnicity genetics disorders meds weight smoking

Question 37

Modifiable risk factors for HTN

Answer 37

DM elevated serum lipids (LDL, triglycerides) excess sodium intake obesity sedentary lifestyle stress tobacco use alcohol use

Question 38

Nonmodifiable risk factors for HTN

Answer 38

family hx race/ethnicity age (60+) gender chronic kidney diease

Question 39

HTN SX

Answer 39

ASYMPTOMMATIC dizziness headache heart palpitations nosebleed SOB red face visual problems fatigue elevated temp

Question 40

HTN complications

Answer 40

CVD Heart attack Stroke heart failure PVD renal disease retinal disease

Question 41

Hypertensive Urgency

Answer 41

180+/120+ no s/sx of end organ damage slowly decrease BP over hours to days

Question 42

Hypertensive Emergency

Answer 42

180+/120+ obvious s/sx of end organ damage aggressively lower BP within min-hrs by IV treatment

Question 43

Hypotension S/Sx

Answer 43

pallor skin, clamminess lightheaded dizziness confusion blurred vision chest pain increased HR decreased urine output N/V

Question 44

How to diagnose orthostatic hypotension

Answer 44

SBP drops of 20mmHg or more DBP drops of 10mmHh or more sit stand stand, monitor BP, HR and symptoms

Question 45

Hyperlipidemia

Answer 45

too many lipids, high cholesterol

Question 46

Where is cholesterol produced endogenously

Answer 46

liver

Question 47

When should you screen for HLD

Answer 47

age 20 for every 4-6 yrs age 40 for 10 year risk

Question 48

Fasting Diagnostic Testing

Answer 48

9-12 hours affects LDL levels

Question 49

HDL

Answer 49

good guys want to keep this level high

Question 50

LDL

Answer 50

bad guys want to keep this level low

Question 51

Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)

Answer 51

deep vein thrombosis + pulmonary embolism obstruction of blood vessel by a blood clot that has become dislodged from another site

Question 52

VTE S/Sx

Answer 52

localized swelling tenderness swelling over vein sites warmth complaints of calf pain with ambulating UNILATERAL

Question 53

Nursing Care for VTE

Answer 53

SCDs TEDs calf pumping

Question 54

ECG placements

Answer 54

Snow over grass (R) Smoke over fire (L) Chocolate close to heart

Question 55

s3 represents

Answer 55

ventricular gallop Ken TUCK y

Question 56

s4 represents

Answer 56

atrial gallop TEN nes see

Question 57

If patient is found unresponsive, no signs of respiration, what is your first action

Answer 57

call for help

Question 58

What is the highest risk factor for developing DVTs?

Answer 58

Inactivity

Question 59

After load

Answer 59

pressure of ventricles used to pump blood out of the heart

Question 60

Preload

Answer 60

relaxation at filling phase of the ventricles