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Human Physiology > Cardiac and Vascular Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiac and Vascular Physiology Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

When does the heartbeat start?

A

Day 22 of embryonic development

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2
Q

When is the conduction system made?

A

5th week of embryonic development

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3
Q

When are the aortic arch and veins made

A

6-8 weeks of embryonic development

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4
Q

When is everything fully formed?

A

8th week of embryonic development

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5
Q

What is electrocardiography?

A

The measure of cardiac electrical activity

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6
Q

What is an auscultation test?

A

Listening to cardiac sounds via a stethoscope

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7
Q

What is a cardiac unltrasound?

A

Imaging - wall thickness, chamber size and blood flow

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8
Q

What is positron emission tomography?

A

Radioactive tracers that identify cellular activity

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9
Q

What is angiography?

A

X-ray imaging of coronary vessels

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10
Q

What is cardiac catheterisation?

A

Insertion of catheters into cardiac chambers to measure pressures

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11
Q

How can cardiac function be altered?

A

Because of environment - O2 levels, electrolytes

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12
Q

What can cardiac function changes do?

A

Damage, e.g. Ischaemic heart disease, causing rhythm disorders and structural changes

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13
Q

Can cardiac function be abnormal from birth?

A

Yes, congenital disease

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14
Q

What is the primary pacemaker?

A

Sinoatrial Node (SAN)

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15
Q

What do connexins do?

A

Form gap junctions

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16
Q

What do gap junctions do?

A

They control electrical coupling between cardiac cells

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17
Q

Which connexins are high conduction and where are they common?

A

CX40 and CX43, peripheral node

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18
Q

Which connexin has low conduction and where are they common?

A

CX45, central node

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19
Q

What is sinus arrhythmia?

A

Heart rate increases when breathing in

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20
Q

What is hyperkalemia?

A

Too much potassium - >5.5mEq/L

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21
Q

What can hyperkalemia do?

A

Weak pulse, muscle weakness, fatigue, tingling, bradycardia

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22
Q

What is hypokalemia?

A

Potassium lower than 3.5mEq/L

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23
Q

What does hypokalemia cause?

A

Arrythmia and ectopic beats

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24
Q

What are some causes of AV block?

A

Surgery
Beta-blockers
Lupus
Myocardial infraction

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25
What is atrial fibrilation?
Supraventricular tachyarrhythmia characterized by uncoordinated arterial activation and constant arterial deterioration
26
What are some symptoms of arterial fibrillation
Palpitations - sudden or irregular Pulse deficit Dyspnoea Ischaemic stroke
27
What can cause atrial fibrillation?
Alterations in ion channel function and activity Altered conduction Fibrosis and structural changes
28
What is premature ventricular conraction?
Depolarisation that occurs from a ventricular site
29
What are some characteristics of ventricular rhythms?
Asymptomatic Sudden cardiac death Haemodynamic instability
30
What is monomorphic ventricular tachycardia?
A common form of ventricular tachycardia Wide complex Can lead to sudden cardiac death
31
What is polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
Long QT syndrome Genetic - mutations in ion channels Acquired - drug interactions - chlorpromazine
32
What is ventricular fibrillation?
Rapid diagnosed ventricular rhythm No discernible waveforms or rhythm 150-500 undulations per minute Complete loss of cardiac output
33
What is cardiac output?
Stroke Volume (mL/min) x Heart Rate (BPM)
34
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
To supply blood to the peripheral tissues throughout different conditions
35
What different systems are required for the cardiovascular system?
Myocardium Neural and humoral factors Circulating blood volume Peripheral vascular compliance and resistance
36
What is stroke volume?
The volume of blood ejected from a ventricle in a single beat
37
What is stroke volume controlled by?
Preload Afterload Inotropy
38
How does preload increase stroke volume?
Preload increases end diastolic volume (EDV), which increases Stroke volume
39
What is the length-tension relationship?
Tension varies with amount of stretch
40
What does Optimal length L0 mean?
The length at which fibre develops greatest tension
41
What does EDV stand for?
End diastolic volume, which determines how stretched the muscle is
42
What is Starling's Law of afterload?
Increasing afterload or decreasing inotropy will shift the curve, resulting in a lower stroke volume
43
How is Ejection fraction calculated?
EF = SV/EDV x 100 (%)
44
What would an increase in inotropy do to the Starling curve?
Increase SV
45
What would a decrease in inotropy do to the Starling curve?
Decrease SV
46
What is the drug Dobutamine used for?
Treatment of acute, moderately decompensated heart failure
47
What is cardiovascular disease (CVD)?
A term that describes a range of conditions that affect the heart, blood vessels, or both
48
How many deaths in the UK is CVD responsible for?
Almost 25%
49
What are the requirements of cardiac energy?
Oxygen ATP provided for priming myosin head Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria Creatine kinase transfers phosphate to ADP to maintain cellular ATP
50
What is the coronary arterial supply?
The arterial supply that arises just past the aortic valves, supplying 70-80ml/min to 400ml/min
51
What is the cardiac muscle very efficient at?
Extracting oxygen
52
What is the only way to increase oxygen delivery to the muscles?
Increase flow - hyperaemia
53
How does lactate build up?
An increase in anaerobic glycolysis, but not pyruvate oxidation
54
What does a build-up of lactate cause?
Reduced mitochondrial production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
55
What is Ischaemia?
Reduced blood flow - reduced oxygen and nutrients
56
What happens with acute coronary vessel occlusion
Cardiac pain Impaired mitochondrial activity Hypoxia/anoxia Intracellular acidosis - H+ competes with CA2+ for binding sites on Troponin C Increase intracellular calcium Increase in adenosine Decrease in ATP Na+, K+ and ATPase pump inhibited Increase in K+ reduced action potential amplitude, pro-arrhythmic Gap junctions uncouple, arrhythmia
57
What does ischaemia increase?
Sympathetic nervous system activation Increased ventricular action potential plateau Increased intracellular calcium DADs and EADs Generation of arrythmias and conduction defects
58
When and where is ST elevation seen?
On an ECG during myocardial infraction
59
What is the effect of ischaemic changes?
Free radicals damage plasma membrane Mitochondrial swelling - impaired ATP production Activation of caspases and proteases, cytoskeletal disruption Apoptotic pathway
60
What is revascularisation?
Restoring blood supply to the cardiac tissue can increase the amount of cardiac tissue that survives
61
What does the insertion of a stent do?
Opens coronary vessel, increasing coronary flow
62
Slide 85

Human Physiology (3 decks)

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