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cardiac anomalies Flashcards

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1
Q

cardiac anomalies are the most common type of fetal anomaly

true/false

A

true

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2
Q

what are the maternal risk factors?

A

maternal cardiac defects

metabolic disorders

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3
Q

what are the common types of metabolic disorders?

A

insulin dependent diabetics (type 1)
phenylketonuria (PKU)
teratogen exposure
-litium, alcohol, anticonvulsants

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4
Q

what are some fetal risk factors?

A 
fetal arrhythmia
extracardiac anomaly
chromosomal abnormalities
structural abnormality
nonimmune hydrops
polyhydramnios
increased nuchal translucency
twin gestation
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5
Q

what are some familial risk factors?

A 
previously affected child
paternal/maternal heart disease
mendelian syndromes
- tuberous sclerosis
- noonan syndrome
- holt-oram syndrome
- ellis van creveld syndrome
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6
Q

what are the different types of beart abnormalities?

A
  • atrial septum defects
  • ventricular septal defects (VSD)
  • atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD)
  • transposition of great arteries (TGA)
  • truncus arteriosus
  • double outlet right ventricle
  • tetralogy of fallot (TOF)
  • ebstein anomaly
  • hypoplastic ventricle
  • rhabdomyoma
  • anomalous pulmonary venous connection
  • heterotaxy
  • ectopic cordis
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7
Q

what are the 3 types if atrial septal defects?

A

secundum
sinus venosus
primum

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8
Q

what atrial septal defect in the most common?

a. sinus venosus
b. secundum
c. inlet
d. primum

A

b. secundum

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9
Q

where would a sinus venosus defect be located?

A

posterior to the foramen ovale

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10
Q

where would a primum defect be located?

A

immediately above the atrioventricular valves

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11
Q

what are the different types of ventricular septal defects (VSD)?

A

perimembranous VSDs
muscular VSDs
inlet defect

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12
Q

what is the best way to detect a ventricular septal defect?

A

color doppler

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13
Q

what else can an atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) be referred to as?

A

endocardial cushion defect

AV canal defect

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14
Q

where is the atrioventricular septal defect located?

A

in the central part of the heart

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15
Q

what are some other anomalies associated with AVSD?

A
  • tetralogy of fallot
  • double outlet right ventricle
  • coarctation of the aorta
  • subaortic stenosis
  • ventricular hypoplasia
  • pulmonary valve stenosis
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16
Q

what is the transposition of great arteries (TGA)?

A

the aorta arises from the right ventricle & the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle.

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17
Q

what are some associated anomalies with TGA?

A

patent ductus arteriosus
patent foramen ovale
ventricular septal defect

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18
Q

what is the sonographic appearance of TGA?

A

4CH view will appear normal ; 2 great vessels do NOT criss cross but arise PARALLEL from the base of the heart.

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19
Q

what is truncus arteriosus?

A

single arterial vessel that arises from the base of the heart & typically overrides the ventricular system, involving both systemic & pulmonary circulation

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20
Q

what is the sonographic appearance of truncus arteriosus?

A
  • 4CH view will appear normal
  • truncal root overrides
  • pulmonary arteries must be seen to differentiate
  • can mimic tetralogy of fallot w/ pulmonary atresia
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21
Q

what does FISH stand for?

A

fluorescent in situ hybridization ; analysis for chromosome 22q11 detection

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22
Q

FISH is not associated with truncus arteriosus

true/false

A

false; it is

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23
Q

what is double outlet right ventricle?

A

both great arteries arise from he morphologic right ventricle; the arrangement of the great arteries may vary: normal, inverted, transposed or side by side.

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24
Q

what other cardiac anommalies are associated with double outlet right ventricle?

A
  • hypoplastic left ventricle
  • atrioventricular valve abnormalities
  • VSDs
  • single ventricle anatomy with both great arteries arising from a small right ventricle
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25
what is the sonographic appearance of DORV?
* deviation of axis of frequently seen | * can be difficult to distinguish DORV from a large VSD, TOF & TGA
26
tetralogy of fallot (TOF) is the least common form of cyanotic heart disease true/false
false; most common
27
what are the specific defects associated with TOF?
* subaortic ventricular septal defect * aortic valve overriding the defect * pulmonic stenosis * hypertrophy of the right ventricle
28
what is the sonographic appearance of TOF?
* 4CH can appear normal * ventricular septal defect * increase rotation of the heart * orverriding aorta * ascending aorta will appear larger than pulmonary artery
29
what is ebstein anonaly?
displacement of the septal & posterior leaflets of the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
30
what is the sonographic appearance of ebstein anomaly?
* visualized on 4CH view * enlargement of the heart, especially the right atrium * color & spectral doppler will reveal regurgitation across the tricuspid valve
31
what are the 2 types of hypoplastic ventricle?
left & right
32
what is left hypoplastic ventricle (LHV)?
near absence of the let ventricle
33
what does LHV usually occur with?
mitral & aortic atresia
34
what is right hypoplastic ventricle RHV)?
small RV
35
what does RHV usually occur with?
pulmonary or tricuspid atresia
36
what is the sonographic alpearance of RHV?
small RV usually associated with ASD & VSD may have pulmonary outflow obstruction can be associated w/ TGA
37
what is the most common intracardiac tumor?
rhabdomyoma
38
what percentage of rhabdomyomas are singular? multiple?
50% for both
39
what are multiple rhabdomyomas associated with?
tuberous scerosis
40
what is the sonographic appearance of a rhabdomyoma?
echogenic mass w/in fetal heart
41
rhabdomyomas continue to grow postnatally | true/false
false; most regress postnatally, either partially or completely
42
what is an arrythmia?
abnormal heart rhythm
43
what is the heart rate range for supraventricular tachycardia?
220-260 bpm
44
what is the heart rate range for sinus tachycardia?
180-200 bpm
45
what is the range for brachycardia?
less than 100 bpm
46
what is the range for atrial flutter?
greater than 300 bpm
47
what are some extracardiac things that can cause brachycardia?
head or cord compression hypoxia maternal drugs
48
how are arrythmias treated?
medications (heart blocks) | steroids
49
what is anomalous pulmonary venous connection?
an abnormal connection b/w one or more of the pulmonary veins & the atria instead of all pulmonary veins connecting to the left atrium, some connect to the right atrium
50
how many pulmonary veins doe we have?
4, 2 from each lung
51
what is heterotaxy?
mirrored anatomical arrangement of the organs on the opposite side, particularly in the thorax
52
what is another name heterotaxy can be referred to as?
cardiosplenic syndromes
53
what are the 2 types of heterotaxy?
double right sidedness | double left sidedness
54
what's another name for double right sidedness?
ivemark syndrome right isomerism asplenia syndrome
55
in a case of double right sidedness, the left lung will be bi-lobe true/false
false; the left lung with be tri-lobe
56
what is another name for double left sidedness?
left isomerism | polysplenia
57
what is ectopic cordis?
all or part of the heart is located outside of the chest cavity
58
what is associated with ectopic cordis?
intracardiac anomalies | omphalocele
59
what is the sonographic appearance of ectopic cordis?
* small thorax | * extension of soft tissue outside thoracic cavity in which cardiac cavity is present
60
what does pentalogy of cantrell consist of?
``` ectopia cordis diaphragmatic defect omphalocele or ventral ABD wall defect pericardial defect intracardiac malformation ```

OB/GYN pathology (7 decks)

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