cardiac conditions Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
what is atrial fibrilliation?
A
irregular electrical impulses in the atrium.
2
Q
how does atrial fibrillation happen?
A
when the electrical signals in the top chambers (atria) of your heart do not get sent out properly. They should be steady and regular, but instead they quiver or twitch (fibrillation). This causes your heart to beat randomly, which means it does not pump blood as well as it should.
3
Q
what is a risk of having Atrial fibrilliation?
A
create blood clots in the heart that may cause a stroke.
4
Q
what are symptoms of AF?
A
chest pain, tiredness, shortness of breath, dizziness, finding it hard to exercise, palpations
5
Q
what medication can you use for atrial fibrillation?
A
medication such as beta blockers and anti-arrhythmic drugs
ablation
cardioversion
having a pacemaker fitted.
Anticoagulant drugs and DOACs
6
Q
what is Abdominal aortic aneurysm?
A
Your abdominal aorta is usually about 2cm wide or about the width of a garden hose. If you have an aneurysm it can grow from 3cm to over 5.5cm wide.
7
Q
what are symptoms of abdominal aortic aneurysm?
A
a pulsating feeling in your stomach
pain in your stomach
persistent back pain.
8
Q
what is the Causes of abdominal aortic aneurysm
A
It’s not known exactly what causes abdominal aortic aneurysm although it’s linked to atherosclerosis and the build-up of fatty material in your arteries.
9
Q
what is the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm?
A
no treatment is required if t is under 4.4cm
however if it is over:
endovascular repair (EVAR) is a type of keyhole surgery. This involves placing a stent-graft (a small metal tube covered with a mesh) inside the artery through a small cut in the groin
surgical repair involves replacing the affected part of your aorta with a plastic tube (graft).
10
Q
what is angina?
A
t’s a pain or an uncomfortable feeling when blood flow to your heart is reduced. It’s not dangerous but it can be a sign of heart problem, like coronary heart disease.
11
Q
what are symptoms of angina?
A
pressure, tightness or squeezing in your chest. This can feel painful or like a dull ache. You might also feel it in your shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, back or stomach.
12
Q
what is Vasospastic angina
A
during the night when you’re resting, when a coronary artery supplying blood and oxygen to your heart goes into spasm and narrows or tightens, and lets less blood through.
13
Q
what is Microvascular angina
A
usually happens when you’re under physical pressure, like when you’re exercising, or you’ve been stressed or anxious
14
Q
what is angina caused by?
A
The most common cause is coronary heart disease. This is when the arteries that supply your heart muscle with blood and oxygen are narrowed by a fatty substance called plaque.
15
Q
how is angina treated?
A
medications such as GTN spay or pills
coronary angioplasty where a special kind of balloon is gently inflated to open a narrowed artery.
Many people also have a type of mesh called a stent inserted to keep the artery open
16
Q
what is Arrhythmia?
A
Arrhythmias are caused by a problem in this conduction system, which can make your heart beat too slowly, too quickly, or in an irregular way.
17
Q
what are the different types of arrhythmias?
A
AF- irregular
Supraventricular
tachycardia (SVT)- very fast
atrial flutter- when the top chambers of the heart contract faster compared to lower
tachybrady- fast or slow
heartblocks-delay or blockage in the conduction system between the top and bottom chambers of the heart which can cause a slow heart rate.
18
Q
what are the causes of arrhythmias?
A
a heart attack
heart failure
cardiomyopathy
coronary heart disease.
19
Q
what is Atherosclerosis?
A
build-up of fatty material (atheroma) inside your arteries. It’s a potentially serious condition that causes most heart attacks and strokes but often goes unnoticed.
20
Q
what is Atherosclerosis?
A
build-up of fatty material (atheroma) inside your arteries. It’s a potentially serious condition that causes most heart attacks and strokes but often goes unnoticed.
21
Q
what are symptoms of atherosclerosis?
A
chest pain
confusion, as a result of blood not flowing to your brain
difficulty breathing
feeling very tired
pain in any of your limbs, where there may be a blocked artery
weak muscles
22
Q
how is atherosclerosis treated?
A
lifestyle change, diet change, coronary bypass surgery or a coronary angioplasty, medicances to reduce high bp or the risk of blood clots
23
Q
what is a cardiac arrest?
A
A cardiac arrest is when your heart suddenly stops pumping blood around your body.
24
Q
what causes a cardiac arrest?
A
dangerous abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia), which happens when the electrical system in the heart isn’t working properly.
25
what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
is a disease of your heart muscle where the muscle wall of your heart becomes thickened, making it harder to pump blood around the body.
26
what are symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
chest pain
light headedness and fainting
palpitations (feeling your heartbeat pounding or beating more quickly than usual)
shortness of breath
fatigue (getting tired easily)
swelling of the legs, feet, ankles and abdomen
27
how is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy treated?
Medicines like diuretics, beta blockers and cardiac myosin inhibitors. Medicines such as these can reduce the amount of work your heart does, control your blood pressure, manage abnormal heart rhythms and other symptoms.
pacemakers
28
what is cardiovascular disease?
circulatory disease, is an umbrella name for conditions that affect your heart or circulation. These include high blood pressure, stroke and vascular dementia.
Heart disease includes conditions that narrow or block blood vessels (coronary heart disease). This can lead to a heart attack, angina and some strokes.
29
what is congenital heart disease?
is a fault or problem with the heart that’s there from birth. This means it develops in the womb, before a baby is born.
30
what are the different types of congenital heart disease?
Septal defects, such as ventricular, atrial and atrioventricular. This is a hole between two of the heart’s chambers.
Coarctation of the aorta, a narrowing of the body’s main artery.
Pulmonary valve stenosis, a narrowing of the pulmonary valve.
Tetralogy of Fallot, when your heart has four different and specific problems.
Ebstein's anomaly, a problem with your tricuspid valve.
31
what are the causes of congenital disease?
you have a family history of congenital heart disease
your mum or birth parent had diabetes when they were pregnant
your mum or birth parent took certain medicines when they were pregnant
smoking and drinking during pregnancy
infections like German measles (Rubella) during pregnancy
your mum or birth parent had or has lupus.
32
what are symptoms of congenital heart disease?
fast heartbeat
shortness of breath
tiredness
a blue colour to your skin or lips
33
what is coronary heart disease?
when your coronary arteries become narrowed by fatty material within their walls. These arteries supply your heart with blood containing high levels of oxygen.
34
what are the symptoms of coronary heart disease?
Angina is the name given for chest pain or an uncomfortable feeling that happens when blood flow to your heart muscle is reduced. It is a common symptom of CHD.
You might also feel pain or an uncomfortable feeling in your;
shoulders
arms
neck
jaw
back
stomach.
35
what causes coronary heart disease?
high blood pressure
high cholesterol
diabetes
smoking
living with excess weight or obesity
not doing enough physical activity
getting older
atherosclerosis,
atheroma (development of thick, hard plaques)
thrombus (blood clot formed in a unbroken vessel)
embolus (debris transported by the blood stream such as plastic, air, blood clot, fat)
36
how is coronary heart disease treated?
lifestyle changes
medication
coronary angioplasty with or without a stent
37
what is endocarditis?
rare condition where the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves (the endocardium) becomes infected.
38
what causes endocarditis?
Endocarditis happens when bacteria or fungi enter your bloodstream, attaching to already damaged areas of your heart.
For example, bacteria can often enter the bloodstream through the mouth or skin because of an existing infection in those areas.
39
what makes a individual at a higher risk of endocarditis?
have heart valve disease
have had a heart valve replacement using an artificial valve
have had endocarditis before
have certain types of congenital heart disease
have a condition called hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
inject drugs into your veins.
40
what are symptoms of endocarditis?
flu-like symptoms – these include having a temperature, tiredness, headaches, chills, a cough and sore throat
poor appetite or unexplained weight loss
pale skin
aching muscles and joints
heart murmurs (an abnormal heart sound).
Other rarer symptoms you may see or feel includ
41
how is endocarditis diagnosed and treated?
blood test to see what bacteria is causing the inflammation
MI scan
treated by antibiotics
42
what is hypotension?
when your blood pressure is below 90/60mmHg.
43
what are the signs and symptoms of hypotension
lightheadedness or dizziness
feeling sick
feeling tired
blurred or fading vision
generally feeling weak
confusion
fainting.
44
what causes hypotension?
getting older, medicines such as those who are used in parkinsons disease, blood loss, pregnancy, heart conditions such as arrythmias, heart failure and bradycardia.
45
what is myocarditis?
Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle
46
what is the risk of myocarditis?
This damage means the heart has to work harder to pump blood and oxygen around the body. In some cases, this can result in the heart muscle becoming bigger, and over time, weaker.
Sometimes, myocarditis can affect the heart’s electrical system, leading to an irregular heart beat (arrythmia).
47
what is the symptoms of myocarditis?
chest pain or discomfort, or a feeling of tightness in the chest
shortness of breath, either at rest or when active, or in certain positions, such as lying down
unusual tiredness
palpitations (like your heart is fluttering, racing, or pounding)
an irregular heartbeat
feeling light-headed or fainting
Recent flu-like symptoms such as high temperature, headaches, body aches, joint pain, or sore throat
Rarely, swelling in hands, legs, ankles or feet
48
how is myocarditis caused?
by a virus or bacteria
49
how is myocarditis treated?
antibiotics (if its bacteria)
medication to reduce the inflammation
50
what is pericarditis?
Pericarditis is inflammation of the lining around the heart.
51
what are symptoms of pericarditis?
feel sharp or stabbing (however some people have dull, pressure-like chest-pain)
be felt on the left-hand side of the chest or behind your breastbone
may spread to your shoulder and arms
get worse when coughing, swallowing, lying down (especially on your left side) or taking a deep breath
get better when leaning forward
52
what are causes of pericarditis? and treatments?
viral infection#
painkillers
anti inflammatory medicine
antibiotics (if bacterial)
53
what is a ischemic stroke?
happen when an artery supplying blood to your brain is blocked by a blood clot (gel-like clumps of blood).
54
what is a haemorrhagic stroke?
happen when a blood vessel ruptures (or bursts), causing a bleed in the brain. This means less blood gets to the surrounding brain cells, causing them to die.
55
what is a transient ischemic stroke?
happen when there’s an interruption in blood flow to part of the brain for a short time causing symptoms, such as temporary speech loss.
56
what makes you at risk of having a stroke?
If you’ve previously had a stroke or heart attack
If you’re aged over 55
If a close relative (parent, grandparent, brother or sister) has had a stroke
If you have high blood pressure
If you have high cholesterol levels
If you have diabetes
If you have a type of irregular heartbeat called atrial fibrillation (A
57
what is a heart block?
Electrical impulses (signals) move through your heart, which make it beat. A heart block happens when these electrical impulses are blocked or delayed.
58
what causes a heart block?
Heart block is often caused by an underlying heart condition or other issues that can affect your heart’s electrical system. The specific cause of heart block will depend on the type you have. Causes may include:
coronary heart disease
congenital heart disease
cardiomyopathy
ageing of the electrical pathways in your heart
thickening of the heart muscle
some medicines.
59
what is a AV heart block?
An AV heart block happens when the electrical impulses are delayed or blocked as they travel between your atria (the top chambers of your heart) and your ventricles (the bottom chambers of your heart).
first degree, second and third (complete block)
60
what is a bundle branch block?
your electrical impulses that travel through the ventricles (the bottom chambers of your heart) are slower than normal. This happens because of a block in the path that your electrical impulses follow.
61
what is tachybrady syndrome?
when your heart’s sinus node, which tells your heart when to beat, does not work properly.
If your heart’s sinus node does not work properly, your heartbeat can become too fast or too slow, or switch between fast and slow rhythms.
62
what are symptoms of a heart block?
feeling faint or dizzy
feeling tired and sometimes confused
feeling a pressure or pain in your chest
being short of breath.
63
what is a heartblock treated with?
pacemaker
64
what is heart failure?
When your heart isn’t pumping blood as well as it should, it means you’re not getting enough oxygen.
65
what are the symptoms of heart failure?
fainting or feeling lightheaded
feeling increasingly tired or weak at rest which gets worse with movement
new persistent cough
shortness of breath when you’re active or resting
swelling in your feet and ankles which can spread to your lower body.
66
what are the causes of heart failure?
heart attack, cardiomyopathy, high blood pressure
67
what is a heart attack?
where the supply of blood to the heart is suddenly blocked
68
what are the causes of a heart attack?
conorary heart disease
CHD causes your coronary arteries to become narrowed by a gradual build-up of fatty deposits called atheroma.
If a piece of atheroma breaks off, a blood clot forms around this to try and repair the damage to the artery wall. This clot can block your coronary artery, causing your heart muscle to be starved of blood and oxygen.
or hypoxia
69
how would you treat a heart attack?
stent into the blocked artery to keep it opened.
thombolysis- clot disolving
70
what is hypertension?
blood pressure is always too high. This means your heart is working harder when pumping blood around your body.
71
what is the difference between systolic and diastolic?
Systolic pressure: this is the higher of the two numbers. It’s the pressure against your arteries when your heart is pumping blood around your body.
Diastolic pressure: this is the lower of the two numbers. It shows how much pressure is in your arteries when your heart relaxes between beats.
72
what is the risk of hypertension?
your arteries lose their stretchiness, becoming stiff or narrow.
This narrowing makes it easier for fatty material (atheroma) to build up. This narrowing and damage to the arteries lining your heart or brain could trigger a life-threatening heart attack or stroke.
73
what is heart valve disease?
when 1 or more of you heart valves dont work.
74
what are the 2 types of heart valve disease?
Valve stenosis or narrowing means the valve does not open fully, it can block or restrict the flow of blood.
Valve regurgitation, incompetence or leaky valve means the valve does not close fully and the blood can leak back into the heart instead of forwards into the body.
75
what are the causes of heart valve disease?
being born with an abnormal valve (congenital heart disease), such as bicuspid aortic valve
if you’ve had rheumatic fever
cardiomyopathy, a disease of the heart muscle
damage to the heart muscle from a heart attack
getting older
infection to your heart (endocarditis).
76
what is high cholesterol?
to much fatty substance in the blood. can be at risk of a heart attack or stroke
77
what is secondary hypertension?
Secondary high blood pressure (secondary hypertension) is high blood pressure that's caused by another medical condition. It can be caused by conditions that affect the kidneys, arteries, heart or endocrine system. Secondary hypertension can also occur during pregnancy.
78
what are examples of some conditions that can give you secondary hypertension?
Kidney disease.
Adrenal gland disorders.
Hyperthyroidism.
Stricture of the aorta
Nervous
Alcohol
Obesity
Pregnancy
Drug treatment
79
what is pulmonary hypertension?
Pulmonary hypertension is high blood pressure in the blood vessels that supply the lungs (pulmonary arteries). which can affect the right side of the heart. The reduced blood flow makes it harder for the right side of the heart to pump blood through the arteries.
If the right side of your heart has to continually work harder, it can gradually become weaker. This can lead to heart failure.
80
what is left ventricle failure?
when the left ventricle, the heart’s main pumping power source, is gradually weakened. so the heart has to work harder.
81
what happens why systolic left ventricle failure occurs?
When systolic failure occurs, the left ventricle cannot contract forcefully enough to keep blood circulating normally throughout the body, which deprives the body of a normal supply of blood. As the left ventricle pumps harder to compensate, it grows weaker and thinner. As a result, blood flows backwards into organs, causing fluid build-up in the lungs and/or swelling in other parts of the body.
82
what happens when left sided diastolic occurs?
When diastolic heart failure occurs, the left ventricle has grown stiff or thick, and it is unable to fill the lower left chamber of the heart properly, which reduces the amount of blood pumped out to the body.
Over time, this causes blood to build up inside the left atrium, and then in the lungs, leading to fluid congestion and symptoms of heart failu
83
what is right ventricle failure?
the muscle of your right ventricle is not pumping as efficiently as it should be. This can be caused by a number of conditions, including left-sided heart failure, high blood pressure in the lungs and heart valve disease
84
what is systolic heart failure?
the heart cannot effectively contract with each heartbeat.
85
what is diastolic heart failure?
your heart cannot relax between heartbeats.
86
what is aneurysyms?
abnormal bulge or ballooning in the wall of a blood vessel. An aneurysm can burst. This is called a rupture. A ruptured aneurysm causes bleeding inside the body and often leads to death.
87
what causes aneurysms? what vessel is it most common in?
congenital defects, trauma, infections, atherosclerosis.
aorta
88
what is fusiform aneurysms?
the wall of the artery expands until it bursts. It can be repaired if known about. A mesh is applied around the artery to reinforce it and stop it from expanded further.
89
what is dissecting aneurysms?
These are in the highest-pressure areas normally (aorta). There will be a split in the inner lining, the blood will push out and will strip the layers apart and the blood will end up around the artery instead of inside it. These are extremely painful. If a patient has one, for example, it most likely occurs around the arch of the aorta, but it does not necessarily fill with blood there and may do further down (abdo) resulting in a pulsating mass.
90
what is saccular/berry aneurysms?
This is one particular part of the artery wall has failed and forms a berry shape. These can be repaired but a clip along the bottom where it joins the main artery. The idea is without an active blood supply, the blood in the aneurysm will be reabsorbed into the artery, but this takes time. If these burst, the blood will irritate the brain and it will swell, quickly raising intercranial pressure.
91
what is the risk of aneurysms?
Thromboembolism: depending on where the clot has travelled to, thromboembolism can cause pain in the extremities or the abdo (will have ripping/tearing pain, pain will not get better or worse and is usually a 10/10 pain)
Stroke: if a clot travels to the brain, it can cause a stroke
Severe chest and/or back pain: if an aortic aneurysm in the chest ruptures
Angina: certain types of aneurysm can lead to angina – the pain is related to narrowed arteries supplying the heart itself
Sudden extreme headache: if a brain aneurysm leads to subarachnoid haemorrhage the main symptom is sudden extreme headache; often unlike any previous experience of head pain
92
what is pericarditis?
Pericarditis is inflammation of the lining around your heart, which causes chest pain.
93
what is cardiac tamponade?
pressure on the heart that occurs when blood or fluid builds up in the space between the heart muscle and the outer covering sac (pericardium) of the heart.
94
what can cardiac tamponade occur due to?
Dissecting aortic aneurysm (thoracic)
End-stage lung cancer
Heart attack (acute MI)
Heart surgery
Pericarditis caused by bacterial or viral infections
Wounds to the heart
95
what is symptoms of cardiac tamponade?
Anxiety, restlessness
Sharp chest pain that is felt in the neck, shoulder, back, or abdomen
Chest pain that gets worse with deep breathing or coughing
Problems breathing
Discomfort, sometimes relieved by sitting upright or leaning forward
Fainting, lightheadedness
Pale, gray, or blue skin
Palpitations
Rapid breathing
Swelling of the legs or abdomen
96
how would cardiac tamponade be indicated?
Blood pressure that falls when breathing deeply
Rapid breathing
Heart rate over 100 (normal is 60 to 100 beats per minute)
Heart sounds are only faintly heard through a stethoscope
Neck veins that may be bulging (distended) but the blood pressure is low
Weak or absent peripheral pulses
97
what is acute coronary syndrome?
an umbrella term for:
unstable angina,
non st segment eelevation mi (nstemi)
st segment eleveation my (stemi)
98
what happens to the heart in aucte coronary syndrome occur?
There is an abrupt reduction in blood supply to the myocardium leading to myocardial ischaemia.
Ischaemia is usually caused by a disruption to the internal artery wall, at the site of an atheroma plaque causing a blood clot to form and occluding the coronary airway
99
what are signs of acute coronary syndrome?
central chest pain, crushing or constricting pain.
pain also may present in the:
shoulders,
upper abdomen,
neck, arms and jaw.
100
how would you manage acute conary syndrome?
administer GTN spray and consider aspirin,
administer oxygen,
consider entonox for prolonged pain,
consider IV morphine,
obtain and record base line observations,
consider PPCI in suspected STEMI.
101
whats the difference between stable and unstable angina?
unstable is indicating obstruction and is more serious, noticeable changes in frequency, intensity and duration of pain. may occur at rest sleep and walking.
pain may be apparent without exertion.
may act as a warning of MI and is know as pre infarction.
102
what are symptoms of unstable angina?
retrosternal pain (behind the breast bone) described as heaviness in the arms or chest.
pain may be referred to the throat, jaw and teeth, also armpits and into the arm,
nausea/vommiting,
pallor/ diaphoresis.
103
what are clinical presentations of stable angina?
pain related on exertion,
pain normally subsides on resting within a few minutes and therefore would not be categorized as ACS.
if pain persists for over 15 minutes treatment then could be ACS.
104
what are clinical presentations of a MI?
severe central chest pain, may radiate to one or both sides of the chest, into neck, jaw, arms and back, described as a crushing nature.
pale, diaphoresis (sweating), faintness, giddiness, nausea and vomiting.
hypo/hypertension
sense of impending doom,
shallow breathing, grey with cyanosed exremities,
sometimes a irregular pulse, ecg irregulartities
105
what are causes of heart failure?
mi,
myocarditis,
hypertension,
valvular heart disease,
left and right sides of the heart can fail separately or simultaneously.
106
what is left ventricular failure?
The failure of the left ventricle to function effectively enough to act as an efficient pump, causing an excessive volume of fluid to accumulate in the pulmonary circulation
Left ventricle damaged = inability to pump out all the blood being returned to it from the lungs
Blood backs up causing a rise in pressure in the left atrium and pulmonary veins
Pulmonary veins become engorged forcing serum out of the capillaries into the alveolar spaces
Air mixes with serum, producing foam
Gaseous exchange impaired
Can often be acute
May accompany a myocardial infarction
107
what can left ventricular failure present itself as:
pulmonary oedema (excess water in the lungs),
dyspnea, orthopnoea- shortness off breath when lying flat,
cough frothy pink sputum,
abnormal lung sounds such as wheezing and crackling,
distended neck veins.
agrivation and confusion,
tachycardia,
hypertension
108
what is right ventricular failure?
Failure of the right ventricle to function effectively enough to act as an efficient pump, causing an excessive volume of fluid to accumulate in the systemic circulation
109
what happens in the heart in right ventricular failure?
Blood backs up, causing a rise in pressure in the right atrium and systemic veins
The systemic veins become engorged, pressure in the systemic veins increases, forcing serum out of the veins into the surrounding tissue
110
how would you manage cardiac tamponade?
continuous monitoring,
administer oxygen at high flow rates,
initiate iv access if required
patient will require pericardiocentesis- draining of the fluid
111
what is rheumatic fever?
serious complication that can develop following an untreated throat infection.
causing inflammation of the tissues and organs
112
what are symptoms of rheumatic fever?
joint pain, swelling, inflammation of the heart causing chest pain and shortness of breath
113
what is cardiac tamponade?
an accumulation of blood in the pericardial sac causing an increase in pericardium pressure.
this does not allow the heart to expand and refill properly resulting in decrease stroke volume and cardiac output.
114
what are signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade?
muffled heart sounds, narrowing pulse pressure, hypotension, distended neck veins, extreme drop in blood pressure and diaphoresis (sweating) pallor (pale appearance), tachycardia
115
how would you manage a patient with cardiac tamponade?
administer oxygen at high flow rates, initiate iv access if required, patient will require pericardiocentesis (using a needle to get rid of the fluid.)
116
what is pericarditis?
swelling of the pericardium, which is the fluid filled sac surrounding the heart. due to an infection
117
what are some causes to pericarditis excluding infection?
heart attack, heart surgery, trauma to the chest esophagus or the heart.
swelling or inflammation of the heart muscle
certain medications including cancer treatment.
118
what are the symptoms of cardiac tamponade?
chest pain which may also be felt in the neck, back, shoulder or abdomen.
pain that increases with deep breathing and swallowing.
sharp stabbing pains,
fever, chills or sweating,
pain gets worse when lying on back and relieved when sitting forwards and bending forwards.
119
how would you manage a patient with cardiac tamponade?
administer oxygen as per guidelines,
give analgesia (relieve pain, reduce inflammation)
transport to hospital.
120
what is suspect acute limb ischaemia?
a sudden onset of leg pain or sudden deterioration in claudication (muscle pain). associated with a loss of pulses and pallor (pale).
features such as coldness and cyanosis of the limb. (purple) or loss of muscular power and sensation
121
what is suspect chronic limb ischaemia?
when there is a progressive development of cramp like pain in the calf, thigh or buttock on walking which is relieved by resting.
unexplained foot or leg pain
or non healing wounds on the lower limb.
122
what is the difference between ischemic to embolus compared to thrombosis?
embolus:
onset is acute,
limb appears white (due to no circulation),
vascular elimination in the other leg is usually normal.
thrombosis:
onset is more gradual,
the leg may not be white and symptoms may be less severe,
presentation is usually with worsening claudication (muscle pain) and rest pain
123
how would you do a physical assessment of ischemic limbs?
pain- constant present and persistent
pulseless- ankle pulses are always absent
pallor (pale) blue or purple limbs
power loss or paralysis
reduced sensation or paresthesia (abnormal sensation)
perishing with cold
124
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