cardiac disease Flashcards
(26 cards)
what is CVD
cardiovascular disease is a general term for conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels. it is also associated with damage to the arteries of the brain, kidneys and eyes
types of CVD
coronary heart disease (CHD), CVA/TIA, peripheral vascular disease (PVD), aortic disease
coronary heart disease
sometimes called ischaemic heart disease or coronary artery disease. a disease where the coronary arteries are blocked and narrowed. includes the following diseases- angina, MI, heart failure
CHD incidence and prevalence
most common cause of death in UK, 1/7 men and 1/12 women die, causes 66K deaths per year
CHD risk factors- cause
multifactorial and a result if infection between genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors
CHD risk factors
age- increased, gender- male, social deprivation, smoking- mortality 60% higher, diet- not a lot of fruit and veg, exercise- less activity, alcohol 1-2 units per day reduces risk as it increases HDL, psychosocial well being- depression/ anxiety, personality, blood pressure- hypertension, cholesterol, obesity, diabetes, family history
when do CHD symptoms occur
only appear when a coronary artery is 70/75% occluded
CHD symptoms- pain etc.
pain/ discomfort, pressure, tightness, numbness or burning sensation in chest, arms, shoulders, back, upper abdomen or jaw
CHD symptoms- other
dizziness, SOB, fatigue and weakness, nausea or vomiting, indigestion or heartburn, sweating or clammy skin, rapid heart rate, palpitations, swollen ankles or legs, feeling of something wrong
what is angina
angina is a chest pain due to an inadequate supply of oxygen to the heart muscles, tends to be transient
types of angina
stable (angina pectoris) happens at predictable times- stress or exercise, unstable happens when no particular demand is placed on heart, variant (prinzmetal) when a coronary artery goes into spasm, microvascular (cardiac syndrome X) affects small vessels
treatment for angina
medication- nitrates, anticoagulants- affects all arteries, not just those affected, lifestyle changes, surgery- angioplasty and CABG
what is myocardial infarction
MI is when the blood supplying the oxygen to the heart is severely reduced o cut off. the result is ischaemia of the heart muscle and scar formation
diagnosis of myocardial infarction
cardiac enzymes- troponin- appears 3-6 hours, peaks 24-48 hours, lasts 7-10 days, creatine kinase
ECG- ST elevation, inversion of T wave, enlarged Q wave
symptoms of MI
sweating/ cold clammy skin, feeling dizzy, SOB, pain/ pressure discomfort, tingling or discomfort, nausea/ vomiting/ heartburn, a fast or uneven heartbeat
prognosis/ consequence- MI
depends on the site of infarction and degree of damage, sudden death, arrhythmias, heart failure, cardiogenic shock, thrombus formation, rupture
CHD MI prognosis/ consequence
MI- sudden death (20%) or survival (80%)= adequate compensation (=uncomplicated recovery 12%) or inadequate compensation= complications 66%= delayed recovery (55%) or delayed death (13%)
treatment of MI
depends on severity of MI, drugs= beta blockers and vasodilators, cardiac catheterization/angiography, stenting, CABG
physio involved in cardiac rehabilitation
MI rehabilitation- in patient or outpatient, CABG surgery from critical care, post discharge rehabilitation
MI and coronary arteries
left ventricle has higher demand and is most common site of ischaemia, 50-70% of coronary artery obstruction involves left
CHD- heart failure and causes
the heart is unable to adequately pump the blood around the body usually because the heart has become stiff or weak. a common cause is MI, other causes- HYTN, cardiomyopathy, damaged valves, congenital conditions, viral infections, chemotherapy, excessive alcohol, anaemia, thyroid disease. there is no cure and treatments aim to control symptoms
symptoms of heart failure
SOBOE or at rest, swollen feet/ ankles/ stomach/lower back, fatigue or feeling weak
treatment of heart failure
treatments include diuretics, some patients benefit from pacemaker or an implantable cardioverter defibrillator to help improve the pumping action of the heart
heart valve disease and causes
can affect any of the 4 valves, causes- CHD, rheumatic fever, cardiomyopathy, MI, endocarditis, aging
