cardiac exam review

Question 1

the contracting left atrium ejects blood through

Answer 1

the mitral valve into the left ventricle

Question 2

during the cardiac cycle, the period of a closed aortic valve and open mitral valve is

Answer 2

ventricular diastole

Question 3

during the cardiac cycle, the period of an open aortic valve and closed mitral valve is at this point on the pressure volume curve

Answer 3

point B

Question 4

during the cardiac cycle, end diastolic volume is represented at this point

Answer 4

point 1

Question 5

sequence of the conduction system of the heart

Answer 5

SA node
AV node
bundle of His
right and left bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

Question 6

the pacemaker of the heart is determined by the

Answer 6

most rapidly depolarizing cells

Question 7

neurological control of the heart

Answer 7

parasympathetic NS decreases SA node firing rate by decreasing the influx of sodium

Question 8

control of heart rate

Answer 8

decreased blood pressured measured by baroreceptors increases sympathetic discharge

Question 9

a patient is diagnosed with heart failure due to excessive afterload. you expect an increase in afterload with the following

Answer 9

increase total peripheral resistance

Question 10

you patient has heart failure due to excessive afterload. excessive afterload leads to heart failure symptoms because

Answer 10

the stroke volume is decreased

Question 11

considering microcirculation and Starling’s forces that determine fluid movement in capillaries, what would increase filtration

Answer 11

increase capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 12

elevation of the S-T segment on an electrocardiogram is associated with

Answer 12

myocardial ischemia

Question 13

discomfort in chest or adjacent areas associated with myocardial ischemia but without myocyte necrosis is

Answer 13

angina pectoris

Question 14

the second heart sound (S2) is associated with

Answer 14

aortic valve closure and the end of systole

Question 15

what increases resistance to blood flow most

Answer 15

decreasing the diameter of the blood vessel

Question 16

the AHA defines hypertension stage 2 as BP > 140/90. essential (primary) hypertension that requires medical management results from ___ and may be associated with ___

Answer 16

abnormalities in peripheral resistance
increase serum concentrations of angiotensin II

Question 17

short of breath and GI discomfort may be considered angina equivalents in

Answer 17

patients with diabetes mellitus

Question 18

primary determinants of myocardial oxygen demand include

Answer 18

inotropy
end diastolic volume
peripheral resistance

Question 19

characteristics of premature ventricular contractions (PVC) include

Answer 19

no P waves for the PVC

Question 20

aortic stenosis with systolic murmur

Answer 20

between S1 and S2 sounds

Question 21

to best auscultate an ejection murmur resulting from aortic valve stenosis, your stethoscope should be over

Answer 21

2nd intercostal space, right sternal border

Question 22

unstable angina

Answer 22

unprovoked chest pain

Question 23

what is not an expected outcome after cardiac rehab

Answer 23

reductions in medication compliance

• what is expected: reduced inflammatory biomarkers, improvements in lipid profiles, improvement in symptoms of depression

Question 24

essential primary hypertension

Answer 24

may lead to heart failure

• can lead to renal dysfunction, unknown cause, can lead to stroke and dementia

Question 25

renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system (RAAS) activated in early heart failure as a compensatory mechanism. RAAS results in

Answer 25

increased vasoconstriction to maintain BP to kidneys

Question 26

lab test that monitors effectiveness of anticoagulant Coumadin (Warfarin)

Answer 26

INR (international normalized ratio)

Question 27

contraindication of starting an exercise program

Answer 27

unstable angina

Question 28

what medications have the greatest potency

Answer 28

least dosage with same EC50 response

Question 29

what medication has greatest efficacy

Answer 29

they’re all the same if they have the same percentage

Question 30

a patient who has SOB after lying supine has

Answer 30

orthopnea

Question 31

patient had coronary artery bypass graft 2 weeks ago

Answer 31

RPE 2-3
resistance 30-50% of 1 RM
12 reps x 1 set

Question 32

chronic hypertension will lead to

Answer 32

ventricular hypertrophy

Question 33

red flag for PT

Answer 33

systolic BP decreases by 20 mmHg with increasing workload

Question 34

a vein has a proportionally large ___ with thinner ___ and functions as

Answer 34

lumen
media
capacitance vessel providing storage site for blood

Question 35

decompensated heart failure

Answer 35

jugular venous distension
S3 heart sound

Question 36

action potential of myocardial cells (myocyte, not pacemaker)

Answer 36

• sodium channels open, sodium flux inward
• sodium channels close
• potassium channels open
• calcium channels open and potassium still open (calcium in equals potassium out)
• calcium channels close, potassium continues out
• potassium channels close
• active transport of Na/K

Question 37

action potential of myocardial cells (myocyte, not pacemaker)

Answer 37

• sodium channels open, sodium flux inward
• sodium channels close
• potassium channels open
• calcium channels open and potassium still open (calcium in equals potassium out)
• calcium channels close, potassium continues out
• potassium channels close
• active transport of Na/K

Question 38

patient with hypertension is what curve on Starling curve

Answer 38

lower (curve B)

Question 39

automaticity in myocardium is result of

Answer 39

ion leakage across myocardial cell membrane

Question 40

Cipro antibiotic increases risk of

Answer 40

tendon rupture