Cardiac muscle Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
Sac that encloses the heart and the roots of the great blood vessels
It lies within the middle mediastinum
A
Pericardium
2
Q
innervates the pericardium
A
phrenic nerve
3
Q
Fibrous part of the pericardial sac.
It is strong and limits unnecessary movements of the heart
A
Fibrous Pericardium
4
Q
It fuses above with the walls of the great blood vessels (ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, superior and inferior venae cavae, and pulmonary veins)
A
Fibrous Pericardium
5
Q
Firmly attached below to the central tendon of the diaphragm.
A
Fibrous Pericardium
6
Q
Fibrous pericardium is Attached anteriorly to the sternum by the _______ligaments
A
sternopericardial
7
Q
It has both a parietal and a visceral layer
A
Serous Pericardium
8
Q
___________ lines the fibrous pericardium and is reflected around the roots of the great vessels to become continuous with the visceral layer, which closely covers the heart (the epicardium).
A
parietal layer
9
Q
_________is the slitlike space between the parietal and the visceral layers.
A
pericardial cavity
10
Q
_________ is the small amount of fluid normally present in the pericardial cavity as a lubricant to facilitate cardiac movements.
A
pericardial fluid
11
Q
Pericardial Sinuses:
A
Transverse sinus
Oblique sinus
12
Q
___________ is a passage on the posterior surface of the heart between the reflection of the serous pericardium around the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk and the reflection around the great veins
A
Transverse sinus
13
Q
______ is a recess formed by the reflection of the serous pericardium around the venae cavae and the four pulmonary veins
A
Oblique sinus
14
Q
Nerve responsible for chest pain radiation???
A
T2
15
Q
The mitral valve is best heard over what level???
A
16
Q
identify the pic:
A
17
Q
identify the sinus:
A
18
Q
blood supply to this structure:
A
19
Q
Hollow muscular organ
Pyramid shaped
lies within the pericardium in the mediastinum.
It is connected at its base to the great blood vessels
A
Heart
20
Q
Surfaces of the Heart:
A
Sternocostal surface
diaphragmatic surface
posterior surface
apex of the heart
21
Q
formed mainly by the right atrium and the right ventricle, which are separated from each other by the vertical atrioventricular groove.
A
Sternocostal surface
22
Q
The right border of Sternocostal surface is formed by:
A
the right atrium;
the left border,
by the left ventricle and part of the left auricle.
23
Q
The right ventricle is separated from the left ventricle by the anterior interventricular groove
A
Sternocostal surface
24
Q
The __________ of the heart is formed mainly by the right and left ventricles separated by the posterior interventricular groove.
A
diaphragmatic surface
25
is formed mainly by the left atrium, into which open the four pulmonary veins.
The base of the heart lies opposite the apex
base of the heart, or the posterior surface,
26
___________ is formed by the left ventricle, is directed downward, forward, and to the left.
It lies at the level of the fifth left intercostal space, 3.5 in. (9 cm) from the midline.
The apex of the heart
27
In the region of the _______, the apex beat can usually be seen and palpated in the living patient.
apex
28
Note that the base of the heart is called the base because the heart is pyramid shaped;
the base lies opposite the apex. The heart does not rest on its base; it rests on its __________
diaphragmatic (inferior) surface.
29
Borders of the Heart:
right border
Left border
lower border
Apex
30
right border is formed by the ____
right atrium
31
formed by the left auricle; and below, by the left ventricle
Left border
32
is formed mainly by the right ventricle but also by the right atrium
lower border
33
is formed by the left ventricle.
Apex
34
Chambers of the Heart
the right and left atria
the right and left ventricles
35
lies anterior to the left atrium
right atrium
36
lies anterior to the left ventricle.
right ventricle
37
The walls of the heart are composed of cardiac muscle, the _______;
covered externally with serous pericardium, the ____________;
and lined internally with a layer of endothelium, the ____________.
myocardium
epicardium
endocardium
38
____ consists of a main cavity and a small outpouching (auricle)
right atrium
39
On the outside of the heart at the junction between the right atrium and the right auricle is a vertical groove, the_________,
which on the inside forms a RIDGE, the CRISTA TERMINALIS
sulcus terminalis
40
The main part of the atrium that lies posterior to the ridge is smooth walled and is derived embryologically from the _____
sinus venosus.
41
The part of the atrium in front of the ridge is roughened or trabeculated by bundles of muscle fibers, the __________, which run from the crista terminalis to the auricle
musculi pectinati
42
This anterior part of right atrium is derived embryologically from the _______
primitive atrium.
43
Openings into the Right Atrium:
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus
right atrioventricular orifice
small orifices of small veins
44
opens into the upper part of the right atrium; it has no valve.
It returns the blood to the heart from the upper half of the body.
Superior vena cava
45
Opens into the lower part of the right atrium
Guarded by a rudimentary, nonfunctioning valve.
It returns the blood to the heart from the lower half of the body
Inferior vena cava (larger than the superior vena cava)
46
drains most of the blood from the heart wall,
opens into the right atrium between the inferior vena cava and the atrioventricular orifice.
It is guarded by a rudimentary, nonfunctioning valve
Coronary sinus
47
lies anterior to the inferior vena caval opening and is guarded by the tricuspid valve
right atrioventricular orifice
48
also drain the wall of the heart and open directly into the right atrium
small orifices of small veins
49
The ____ is a shallow depression, which is the site of the foramen ovale in the fetus
fossa ovalis
50
_____ forms the upper margin of the fossa
anulus ovalis
51
The floor of the fossa represents the persistent ____ of the heart of the embryo
septum primum
52
_____is formed from the lower edge of the septum secundum
Anulus
53
The right ventricle communicates with the right atrium through the ______________ and with the pulmonary trunk through the pulmonary orifice.
atrioventricular orifice
54
As the cavity approaches the pulmonary orifice it becomes funnel shaped, at which point it is referred to as the _________
infundibulum
55
The walls of the right ventricle are much thicker than those of the right atrium
and show several internal projecting ___formed of muscle bundles
ridges
56
The projecting ridges give the ventricular wall a spongelike appearance and are known as
____________
trabeculae carneae
57
trabeculae carneae are composed of three types:
papillary muscles
some are attached along their entire length on one side and merely form prominent ridges,
others are fixed at their extremities but free in the middle
58
first type comprises the _______, which project inward, being attached by their bases to the ventricular wall
Their apices are connected by fibrous chords (the chordae tendineae) to the cusps of the tricuspid valve
papillary muscles
59
The _____are attached at their ends to the ventricular wall and are free in the middle
ridges
60
The __________ is a large ridge, and it is attached at its ends to the septal and the anterior ventricular walls.
moderate band
61
It conveys within it the right branch of the atrioventricular bundle, which is part of the conducting system of the heart.
* Simple, prominent projections
moderate band
62
guards the atrioventricular orifice.
It consists of 3 cusps, the bases of which are attached to the fibrous ring of the skeleton of the heart
tricuspid valve
63
To their free edges and ventricular surfaces are attached the ______, which connect the cusps to the papillary muscles
chordae tendineae
64
The cusps are the anterior, septal, and inferior.
The anterior cusp lies _______; the septal cusp, against the _; and the inferior cusp, ________
anteriorly
ventricular septum
inferiorly
65
______ guards the pulmonary orifice,
and the 3 semilunar cusps of this valve are attached by their curved, lower margins to the arterial wall
The open mouths of the cusps are directed upward into the pulmonary trunk.
1 posterior and 2 anterior semilunar cusps
pulmonary valve
66
__ are three dilatations at the root of the pulmonary trunk, with one being situated external to each cusp
pulmonary sinuses
67
Lies posterior to the right atrium.
It consists of a main cavity and an auricle.
The interior of the auricle possesses muscular ridges as in the right auricle
LEFT ATRIUM
68
Openings of left atrium:
4 pulmonary veins,
2 from each lung, open through the posterior wall; there are no valves
69
is guarded by the mitral valve
left atrioventricular orifice
70
Situated largely behind the right ventricle
A small portion, however, projects to the left and forms the left margin of the heart and the heart apex.
LEFT VENTRICLE
71
left ventricle communicates with the left atrium through the ______________ and with the AORTA through the aortic orifice.
atrioventricular orifice
72
The walls of the left ventricle are ____thicker than those of the right ventricle.
three times
73
LEFT VENTRICLE have trabeculae carneae and 2 papillary muscles; however, there is no _____
moderator band
74
__ is the part of the left ventricle below the aortic orifice
aortic vestibule
75
guards the atrioventricular orifice and consists of 2 cusps, one anterior and one posterior
Attached to the cusps are chordae tendineae and papillary muscles similar to those in the tricuspid valve.
mitral valve
76
The aortic valve guards the aortic orifice and, as with the pulmonary valve, consists of __
3 semilunar cusps
77
1 cusp is located on the anterior wall, and 2 are located on the posterior wall.
Behind each cusp, the aortic wall bulges to form an aortic sinus
Aortic Valve
78
anterior aortic sinus gives rise to the ____________
and the left posterior sinus gives rise to the __________
right coronary artery
left coronary artery.
79
The conducting system of the heart is composed of ___________
modified cardiac muscle
80
initiates the heartbeat.
It is situated at the upper part of the SULCUS TERMINALIS close to the opening of the superior vena cava
It is usually supplied by the right coronary artery but is sometimes supplied by the left
SINUATRIAL NODE (PACEMAKER)
81
Lower part of the atrial septum, just above the attachment of the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve.
It receives its blood supply from the right coronary artery
ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE
82
Continuous with the atrioventricular node above and with the fibers of the Purkinje plexus below.
It descends behind the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve on the membranous part of the ventricular septum.
ATRIOVENTRICULAR BUNDLE
83
On reaching the muscular part of the septum, it divides into two branches.
The right bundle branch passes to the right ventricle, and the left bundle branch passes to the left ventricle.
ATRIOVENTRICULAR BUNDLE
84
The _____ is the only muscular connection between the myocardium of the atria and the myocardium of the ventricles.
atrioventricular bundle
85
The terminal branches of the atrioventricular bundle spread out into the ventricular walls.
There, they become continuous with the fibers of the _________
Purkinje plexus
86
The atrioventricular bundle is supplied by the _________
right coronary artery
87
The right bundle branch is supplied by the LEFT coronary artery,
and the left bundle branch is supplied by the ___________
RIGHT and the LEFT coronary arteries
88
Anterior aortic sinus of the ascending aorta
It descends in the right atrioventricular groove and sends branches to the right atrium and ventricle
It ends by anastomosing with the left coronary artery in the posterior interventricular groove
Right Coronary Artery
89
right coronary artery Branches:
Right conus artery
Anterior ventricular branches
Marginal branch
Posterior ventricular branches
Posterior interventricular (descending) artery
Atrial branches
90
Supplies the anterior surface of the infundibulum of the right ventricle and the upper part of the anterior wall of the right ventricle.
Right conus artery
91
Are two or three in number and supply the anterior surface of the right ventricular.
Anterior ventricular branches
92
Is the largest, and it follow the lower margin of the costal surface to reach the apex.
Marginal branch
93
Supply the diaphragmatic surface of the right ventricle.
Posterior ventricular branches
94
Runs toward the apex in the posterior interventricular groove and sends branches to the right and the left ventricles.
Posterior interventricular (descending) artery
95
Supply the anterior and the lateral surfaces of the right atrium
Atrial branches
96
Arises from the left posterior aortic sinus of the ascending aorta
Larger than the right coronary artery
In the atrioventricular groove, it divides into an anterior interventricular branch and a circumflex branch
Left Coronary Artery
97
Left Coronary Artery branches:
The anterior interventricular (descending ) branch
Left circumflex artery
Left marginal, anterior ventricular, and posterior ventricular branches
Atrial branches
98
In most individuals – passes around the apex of the heart, enters the posterior interventricular groove, and anastomoses with the terminal branches of the right coronary artery
In one third of individuals, it ends at the apex of the heart
This branch supplies the right and the left ventricles
The anterior interventricular (descending ) branch
99
Same size as the anterior interventricular artery.
It winds around the left margin of the heart in the atrioventricular groove.
Left circumflex artery
100
Supply the left ventricle
Left marginal, anterior ventricular, and posterior ventricular branches
101
Supply the left atrium
Atrial branches
102
the posterior interventricular artery is a large branch of the right coronary artery.
“right dominance”
103
the posterior interventricular artery is a branch of the left coronary artery
“left dominance"
104
Most venous blood from the heart wall drains into the right atrium through the
coronary sinus
105
Lies in the posterior part of the atrioventricular groove.
It is the largest vein draining the heart wall
Continuation of the great cardiac vein.
Coronary Sinus
106
runs from the apex of the heart in the posterior interventricular groove
empties into the coronary sinus
middle cardiac vein
107
The small cardiac vein accompanies the marginal artery along the inferior border of the heart and
empties into the coronary sinus
Small Cardiac Vein
108
The anterior cardiac vein drains the anterior surface of the right atrium and the right ventricle.
It empties directly into the right atrium
Anterior Cardiac Vein
109
Innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers of the autonomic nervous system via the cardiac plexuses.
Nerve Supply of the Heart
110
terminate on the sinoatrial and the atrioventricular nodes and on the coronary arteries.
Postganglionic fibers
111
Activation of the ________ results in a reduced rate and force of contraction by the heart and a constriction of the coronary arteries
parasympathetic nerves
112
When the umbilical cord is tied, the blood pressure in the _________ immediately falls.
inferior vena cava
113
Coupled with the increased left atrial pressure from the increased pulmonary blood flow, this causes the __________ to close.
foramen ovale
114
The diminished pulmonary vascular resistance associated with inflation of the lungs causes the direction of flow through the __________ to change from right to left to the neonatal route of left to right.
ductus arteriosus
115
The ductus arteriosus constricts as a reaction of its muscle to the raised oxygen tension; it later closes and becomes the ___________
ligamentum arteriosum
116
In addition, the wall of the _________ contracts, and the lumen closes.
ductus venosus
117
Later, the ductus venosus becomes fibrosed to form the _________
ligamentum venosum
118
The heart makes two sounds: ________
lu¯b, and du˘ p
119
The _________sound is produced by the contraction of the ventricles and the closure of the tricuspid and the mitral valves.
first (lu¯b)
120
The ________, shorter sound is produced by the sharp closure of the aortic and the pulmonary valves.
second (du˘ p)
121
is best heard over the right half of the lower end of the body of the sternum.
tricuspid valve
122
is best heard over the apex beat (i.e., at the level of the fifth left intercostal space, approximately 3.5 in. [9 cm] from the midline).
mitral valve
123
is best heard over the medial end of the second left intercostal space
pulmonary valve
124
is best heard over the medial end of the second right intercostal space
aortic valve
125
The ___________ is the only route by which the cardiac impulse can spread from the atria to the ventricles
atrioventricular bundle
126
Failure of the bundle to conduct the normal impulses results in alteration in the rhythmic contraction of the ventricles or,
if ____________occurs, complete dissociation between the atria and the ventricular rates of contraction
complete bundle block
127
Pain originating in the heart as the result of __________results in the stimulation of the sensory nerve endings in the myocardium.
ischemia
128
The afferent nerve fibers ascend to the central nervous system via the sympathetic trunk and enter the spinal cord through the ____________
upper four thoracic nerves
129
The pain varies considerably, from a severe crushing pain to nothing more than a mild discomfort.
true
130
The pain is not felt in the heart but is referred to the skin areas supplied by the corresponding ________
spinal nerves
131
The skin areas supplied by the _____ & _______ are therefore mainly affected.
upper four intercostal nerves and by the intercostobrachial nerve (T2)
