Cardiac valves

Question 1

Stenosis

Answer 1

• narrowing that creates partial obstruction to blood flow

- Results in increasing pressure behind the valve and decreasing forward blood flow

Question 2

Regurgitation

Answer 2

• The valve is incompetent or leaky
• Blood flows backwards
• Increasing the pressure and volume behind the valve

Question 3

Prolapse

Answer 3

• Leaflets bulge upward into the left atrium during systole

- “Floppy” valve

Question 4

Rheumatic Fever

Answer 4

• an acute inflammatory disease that can affect connective tissue in heart, joints, skin, brain
• Heart valves become inflamed and scarred

Question 5

Rheumatic Heart disease

Answer 5

• a chronic condition resulting from rheumatic fever
• characterized by scarrings and deformity of the heart valves causing permanent damage
• a complication that occurs as a delayed sequela ofa group A steptococcal pharyngitis

Question 6

Valvuloplasty

Answer 6

repair not replacement

Question 7

Commissurotomy

Answer 7

separates fused leaflets

Question 8

Annuloplasty

Answer 8

repair of the junction of valve leaflets and the muscular heart wall

Question 9

Chordoplasty

Answer 9

repair of chordae tendineae

Question 10

Mechanical valve

Answer 10

• Good long-term durability
• Adequate hemodynamics
• High risk for thromboembolism requiring long term anticoagulation
• Increase risk for bleeding complications

Question 11

Tissue valves

Answer 11

• poor long-term durability
• Better hemodynamics than mechanical valves
• Low incidence of thromboembolism; possibly no need for anticoagulation
• Bioprotheses (hetergraft): harvested from pigs, some from cows or horse
• Homografts: human cadaver tissue (aortic or pulmonic valve)
• Autografts: use portion of own pulmonic valve and pulmonary artery

Question 12

Cardiomyopathy

Answer 12

• a group of diseases that directly affect the structural or functional ability of the myocardium
• culminates in cardiomegaly, impaired cardiac output and can lead to heart failure, sudden death, or dysrhythmias
• leading cause for heart transplant

Question 13

Dilated

Answer 13

dilation of the vetricles

Question 14

Hypertrophic

Answer 14

heart muscle increases is size and mass; muscle wall thicken

Question 15

Restrictive

Answer 15

rigid ventricular walls

Question 16

Diagnostic tests for cardiomyopathy

Answer 16

• H and P, ECG
• BNP lab
• CXR, Echocardiogram
• Nuclear imaging studies
• Cardiac catheterization
• Endomyocardial biopsy

Question 17

Therapy for cardiomyopathy

Answer 17

• treat underlying cause
• Medications
• Diet
• Rest and exercise
• Pacemaker

Question 18

Surgery for cardiomyopathy

Answer 18

• myotomy-myectomy
• ventricular assist device
• implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
• heart transplantation

Question 19

Rheumatic Endocarditis

Answer 19

• Etiology: occurs in school age following group a beta streptococcal, or rheumatic fever
• Contributing factors: malnutrition, poor hygiene, overcrowding, not treating strep completely
• Symptoms: fever, chills, joint pain, heart murmurs
• age: 5-15 years

Question 20

Infective Endocarditis

Answer 20

infection of the endocardial layer of the heart which is the innermost layer and is contiguous with the heart valves

• etiology and pathophysiology
  
  • staph, strep, fungal
  • Vegetations (fibrin, leukocytes, platelets)

Question 21

Pericarditis

Answer 21

inflammation of the pericardium

• sac that envelops heart
• composed of inner serous membrane (visceral) and outer fibrous layer that contains 10-15 ml of serous fluid

Question 22

Myocarditits

Answer 22

• inflammation of the myocardium
• thrombi development
• degeneration of heart muscle fibers
• results in dysrhythmias or heart failure
• Recognized as a cause of sudden death in young athletes

Question 23

What causes myocarditis

Answer 23

• virus, bacteria, fungi
• rheumatic fever
• immunosuppressed
• radiation treatment
• cancer treatment medications