CARDIO 1 Flashcards
(16 cards)
What is cystic fibrosis
An inherited, autosomal recessive disease which affects the genetic mutation of chromosome 7. Chromosome 7 is responsible for encoding the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulating Protein. This is a channel protein that controls the chloride ions permeability across cell membranes, thus decontrolling the levels of water and sodium in a cell. This can lead to ducts becoming blocked with thick and sticky mucus, therefore predisposing an individual to getting respiratory disease or infection.
CFTR defects
Pancreatic insufficiency
Infertility
Gastrointestinal disease
Bilary disease
Respiratory disease
High sodium sweat
Cirrhosis of the liver
Diagnosis of CF
Genetic testing
Heal prick test
High sodium sweat test
Initial symptoms of CF
In babies, 10% are born with meconium which is a thick black substance in the bowel which is hard for babies to shift due to its high viscosity, therefore will either naturally pass after 2-3 days or will need surgical intervention.
Some babies may also show signs of jaundice.
Respiratory system:
Persistent cough
Coughing fits
Chest infections
Inflammation
Digestive system:
Large smelly stools
Malnutrition
Treatment for CF
Medication:
Bronchodilators
Anti inflammatory drugs
Steroids
Mycolytics
Antibiotics
Vaccinations
Physiotherapy:
Chest clearing techniques and positioning
ACBT
Mobilisation and exercise
Advice
Prognosis of CF
No treatment for it. Patients with CF typically have a life expectancy of 40 years average.
Definition of Pneumonia
An inflammatory condition resulting in abnormal alveolar filling and resulting in consolidation and exudation.
What is Pneumonia
During acute infection, the body releases macrophages and neutrophils to migrate across into the alveolar to fight off infection. These then phagocytose and release anti microbial enzymes which lead to increased consolidation and exudation
Pathology stages of Pneumonia
Congestion phase- characterised by vascular emborgement and intra alveolar fluid. The lungs are red, boggy and heavy.
Red hepatization phase - massive exudation takes place, with increased red blood cells and leukocytes. Affected area has a liver like consistency, red firm and airless.
Gray hepatization phase - consolidation begins to disintegrate inside the alveolar.
Resolution phase - consolidated exudate undergoes progressive digestion and is either absorbed by macrophages or coughed up.
Causes of Pneumonia
Bacteria
Viruses
Parasites
Fungi
Chemical
Aspiration
Smoke inhalation
4 types of Pneumonia
Healthcare acquired
Hospital acquired
Ventilator acquired
Community acquired
Signs and symptoms of pneumonia
Fever
Malaise
Muscle ache
Coughing
Loss of appetite
Fever
Rapid heartbeat
Fatigue
Complications of Pneumonia
Lung abcess
Pleural effusions
Septic shock
Empyema
Medical diagnosis and clinician rule
HR over 100bpm
Temperature over 37.8 degrees
Absence of asthma
Wheezing
Decreased or bronchial breathe sounds
Other diagnostics for pneumonia
X ray
CT scan
Blood and sputum microbiology
Sputum colour
Pleural fluid culture
General management for Pneumonia
Oxygen
Hydration and IV fluids
Chest clearance
Rest
Antibiotics
Fever and cough reducing medicine
