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BOARDS High yield by subject > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

Physiologic splitting occurs in normal physiology during _______ and is secondary to delayed closure of the _______ valve from the ________ ventricle

A

Occurs during inspiration
pulmonic valve
Right ventricle

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2
Q

Wide splitting is seen in conditions that delay ______ ventricle emptying

A

RIGHT

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3
Q

What are some causes of wide splitting?

A

Pulmonic stenosis
Right BBB

***delays the pulmonic sound

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4
Q

Fixed splitting is heard in ______

A

ASD

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5
Q

Paradoxical splitting is heard in conditions that delay ______ valve closure

A

Aortic

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6
Q

What are some of the causes of paradoxical splitting

A

Aortic Stenosis

LBBB

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7
Q

What does a paradoxical split sound like on auscultation?

A

P2 occurs before the A2 sound

Can be heard with expiration

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8
Q

What does the standing valsalva maneuver do to the CV system?

A

Decreases preload and decreases the LV volume

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9
Q

What murmurs will increase with the standing valsalva maneuver?

A

Mitral Valve prolapse

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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10
Q

What murmurs will decrease with the standing valsalva maneuver?

A

Most murmurs

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11
Q

What is the CV effect of the passive leg raise?

A

Increases preload

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12
Q

What murmurs will increase with the passive leg raise?

A

Most murmurs

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13
Q

What murmurs will decrease with the passive leg raise

A

MVP

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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14
Q

What is the CV effect of squatting?

A

Increases the preload

Increases the after load

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15
Q

What murmurs will increase with squatting?

A

Most murmurs

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16
Q

What murmurs will decrease with squatting?

A

MVP

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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17
Q

What is the effect of the hand grip maneuver on the CV system?

A

Increases the after load

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18
Q

What murmurs will increase with the hand grip maneuver?

A

Left sided murmurs: AR, MR, VSD

19
Q

What murmurs will decrease with the hand grip maneuver?

A

AS

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: increased LV volume

20
Q

What is the effect of inspiration on the CV system?

A

Venous return to the right heart and decrease venous return to the left

21
Q

What murmurs will increase with inspiration?

A

Right sided murmurs

Left sided will decrease

22
Q

This murmur is a crescendo decrescendo systolic ejection murmur that is loudest at the base and radiates to the carotids

A

aortic Stenosis

23
Q

Describe aortic stenosis murmur

A

This murmur is a crescendo decrescendo systolic ejection murmur that is loudest at the base and radiates to the carotids

24
Q

What are some of the symptomatic findings that can be seen with aortic stenosis?

A

Syncope
Angina
Dyspnea

25
Q

What are the main causes of aortic stenosis?

A

Aging- calcification

bicuspid valve like in Turner syndrome

26
Q

This murmur is a holosystolic blowing murmur that is high pitched and is loudest at the apex with radiation to the axilla

A

mitral regurgitation

27
Q

What are some of the causes of mitral regurgitation?

A

Post MI
MVP
LV dilation

Rheumatic fever or infective endocarditis can cause

28
Q

Describe a mitral regurgitation murmur

A

This murmur is a holosystolic blowing murmur that is high pitched and is loudest at the apex with radiation to the axilla

29
Q

This murmur is a holosystolic blowing murmur that is high pitched and is loudest at the tricuspid area

A

Tricuspid regurgitation

30
Q

What are some causes of Tricuspid regurgitation?

A

RV dilation

Rheumatic fever or infective endocarditis can cause

31
Q

Describe a Tricuspid regurgitation murmur

A

This murmur is a holosystolic blowing murmur that is high pitched and is loudest at the tricuspid area

32
Q

This murmur is a late systolic crescendo murmur with a mid systolic click. It is best heard over the apex and is loudest before S2

A

mitral valve prolapse

33
Q

What causes the mid systolic click?

A

sudden tensing of the chordae tendonae as mitral leaflets prolapse into the LA

34
Q

What are some of the causes of a mitral valve prolapse?

A

myxomatous degeneration
connective tissue disorder
rheumatic fever
chordae rupture

Can predispose to infectious endocarditis

35
Q

This murmur is a holosystolic harsh murmur that is loudest at the tricuspid area

A

Ventricular septal defect

36
Q

What are the systolic murmurs>

A

aortic stenosis
mitral or tricuspid regurgitation
mitral valve prolapse
VSD

37
Q

This murmur is a high pitched blowing early diastolic decrescendo murmur that is best heard at the base or the left sternal border

A

Aortic regurgitation

38
Q

What are some of the associated symptoms with aortic regurgitation?

A

When severe or chronic can present as a long diastolic murmur with a hyper dynamic pulse. Head bobbing can also be seen

Wide pulse pressure

39
Q

What are some of the causes of aortic regurgitation?

A

bicuspid aortic valve
endocarditis
aortic root dilation
rheumatic fever

40
Q

This murmur is a mid to late systolic murmur that follows an opening snap

A

Mitral stenosis

41
Q

__________ interval with S2 and opening snap correlates with ___________ severity

(increased or decreased)

A

Decreased interval with S2 and opening snap correlates with increased severity

42
Q

What are the causes of mitral stenosis

A

late sx of rheumatic fever
Chronic MS
Afib
Ortner syndrome

43
Q

This murmur is a. continuous machine like murmur rear is best heard at the left infraclavicular area and is loudest at S2

A

PDA

44
Q

A patient comes into the office and a procedure is done where a catheter is inserted into the smallest branches of the pulmonary artery. What is this testing for? What does the result of this test tell you?

A

They are measuring the pulmonary wedge pressure

Tells you the pressure that is in the left atria

BOARDS High yield by subject (5 decks)

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