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Capsule notes > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

AF is likely indicated in which valve problem?

A

Mitral problems

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2
Q

most common cause of mitral stenosis?

A

rheumatic fever

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3
Q

signs on examination of mitral stenosis

A 
tapping apex beat (palpable and loud first sound)
low rumbling mid-diastolic murmur
Malar rash
AF
low volume pulse
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4
Q

signs of mitral stenosis on ECG

A

bifid P waves (P mitrale, left atrial enlargement) or no P waves

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5
Q

ECG changes in hypokalaemia

A

U waves
flattened/inverted T waves
tall p waves
ST depression

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6
Q

ECG changes in WPW

A

Delta waves

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7
Q

Management of viral pericarditis

A

NSAIDs (aspirin or ibuprofen)
PPI
Colchicine
Bed rest

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8
Q

where is the needle inserted for pericardiocentesis

A

subcostally in midline aiming for left shoulder

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9
Q

what % of acute pericarditis recurs

A

15-30%

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10
Q

signs of aortic stenosis

A

slow rising pulse
narrow pulse pressure
ES murmur radiating to neck

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11
Q

treatment of choice for severe aortic stenosis

A

valve replacement
valvuloplasty/transcatheter aortic valve implantation may be attempted if pt unfit for open surgery

long term Abx

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12
Q

most common cause of aortic stenosis in <60

A

bicuspid valve

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13
Q

management for post-MI VSD

A

analgesia
inotropes
balloon pump (counterpulsation inside aorta to augment BP during diastole)
Closure of defect (percutaneous or can be surgery)

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14
Q

structural abnormalities associated with WPW

A

ventricular hypertrophy

Ebstein’s anomaly

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15
Q

what bloods is most important in WPW

A

thyroid function

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16
Q

medical management of WPW

A

flecainide
Amiodarone

avoid drugs that block AV node alone (digoxin, verapamil, bblockers etc)

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17
Q

if a patient has heart failure leading to pulmonary oedema and low blood pressure, how do you manage?

A

CPAP - allows lung fluid to be pushed back into vasculature

can’t use furosemide due to low BP
can’t give fluids due to pulmonary oedema

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18
Q

what medicines should patients be on post-MI

A

aspirin + clopi
bisoprolol
statin
ramipril

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19
Q

most common branches of aorta affected in dissection

A

renal, spinal, coronary or iliac arteries

can also dissect back into aortic valve causing regurg

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20
Q

what is the cause of death in HOCM

A

arrhythmia due to increased metabolic demand of muscle and reduced blood supply

also obstruction to aortic outflow

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21
Q

inheritance pattern of HOCM

A

AD

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22
Q

Management of HOCM

A

beta blockers + CCB to reduce load on left ventricle
amiodarone to reduce chance of arrhythmia
ICD in high risk patients
Cardiac surgery if aortic outflow obstruction severe

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23
Q

symptoms of HOCM

Study These Flashcards
A 
mostly symptomless
angina
dyspnoea
syncope
systolic murmur (thickened septum leads to mitral valve problems and obstructed aortic outflow)
24
Q

3 investigations for DVT diagnosis

Study These Flashcards
A

couler USS doppler
D-dimer
Venometry

25
INR range for uncomplicated DVT
2-3
26
INR range for prosthetic heart valve
3.5-4.5
27
infections that can cause sinus bradycardia
Legionnaire's typhoid lyme disease
28
investigations for infective endocarditis
``` ECG - heart block TTE - valvular vegetations mid-stream urine MC&S USS abdo - splenic infarcts 3 sets of blood cultures may do serology for atypical organism ```
29
major criteria for infective endocarditis
typical organism from 2 BC OR persistent positive blood culture Evidence of endocardial involvement culture NOT to be taken from indwelling line
30
minor criteria for infective endocarditis
``` fever risk factors vascular phenomena (stroke etc.) immunological phenomena (RhF, glomerulonephritis, osler nodes etc.) micro evidence echo ```
31
complications of infective endocarditis
``` heart block TIA AKI HF vertebral osteomyelitis ```
32
ECG changes in digoxin
downsloping ST depression in V5/6 flattened, inverted or biphasic T waves short QT itnerval frequent premature ventricualr contractions, sinus brady, av block in toxicity
33
Symptoms of digoxin toxicity
``` altered bowel function visual disturbance headache dizziness confusion ```
34
how to confirm digoxin toxicity
measure 6h post dose blood level
35
how long can you not drive for post-infarct with deranged LVEF/symptomatic heart failure
4w
36
how long can you not drive for post-infarct with normal LVEF
1w
37
management of type B aortic dissection
conservative (pain and blood pressure management) if stable urgent surgery if unstable
38
management of type A aortic dissection
urgent surgery
39
heart failure drugs
``` beta blocker acei/arb spironolactone statin SGLT2i ezetimibe PCSK9i dual antiplatelet if MI PPI ```
40
which leads are the high lateral vessels
I and aVL
41
management of NSTEMI
aspirin + ticagrelor LMWH/fondaparinux morphine and metoclopramide anti-anginal medication (GTN beta blocker amlodipine) revascularisation doesn't necessarily need to be done immediately echo
42
what drug held for 48h before and 48h after angio
metformin, fucks kidneys
43
symptom control in stable angina
1:GTN 2: add bisoprolol OR rate limiting CCB (verapamil, dilt) 3: add GTN + BB + NON-rate limiting CCB (amlod) 4: Add ivabradine OR nicorandil OR ranolazine Also get atorvastatin for long-term mortality
44
contraindication for ivabradine
AF, as it disrupts If
45
contraindication to adenosine
asthma, so give verapamil if SVT
46
management of SVT
1) vagal manoeuvres 2) adenosine or verapamil 3) DC cardiovert if unstable if first presentation and treated, give conservative mx svt ablation if recurrent or bisoprolol
47
what drugs can cause extremis
flecainide
48
what is the pill in the pocket
carry around fleicainide for paroxysmal AF
49
management for VT
magnesium amiodarone dc cardiovert NOT FLECAINIDE
50
causes of raised JVP
``` RHF fluid overload SVC compression - non-pulsatile pericardial effusion Tricuspid regurg complete heart block ```
51
complications of prosthetic heart valves
``` endocarditis PE infection bleeding anaemia failure ```
52
causes of irregularly irregular pulse
ventricular ectopics | flutter with variable block
53
describe mitral stenosis
low pitched rumbling mid-diastolic murmur best heard in left lateral position on expiration
54
complications of mitral stenosis
pulmonary hypertension | AF
55
signs of pulmonary hypertension
loud p2 left parasternal heave graham steel murmur (early diastolic)

Capsule notes (8 decks)

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