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endocrine system > cardio > Flashcards

cardio Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

heart is noticeable at

A

rib 3

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2
Q

at any age heart is the sie of

A

a fist

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3
Q

apex

A

tapered inferior end, tilts to the left

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3
Q

Arteries

A

blood away from heart

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4
Q

veins

A

carry blood toward heart

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5
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

carries blood to lungs for gas exchange and back to heart

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6
Q

Systemic circuit

A

supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues of the body and returns it to the heart

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7
Q

right side of heart supplies the

A

pulmonary circuit
Oxygen-poor blood arrives from body tissues

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8
Q

Left side of heart of heart supplies the

A

systemic circuit
Fully oxygenated blood sent to body tissues via aorta, which branches into smaller vessels

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9
Q

pericardium

A

heart is enclosed by

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9
Q

Endocardium

A

Smooth inner lining of heart and blood vessels

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10
Q

Epicardium

A

Serous membrane covering heart
Adipose in thick layer in some place

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11
Q

Myocardium

A

Layer of cardiac muscle, thickness is proportional to workload
Muscle spirals around heart, called the vortex of the heart

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12
Q

The heart has four chambers

A

wo atria and two ventricles

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13
Q

right atrium and both auricles contains

A

pectinate muscles

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14
Q

Right and left atria

A

Two superior chambers that receive blood returning to the heart; separated from each other by interatrial septum

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15
Q

Right and left ventricles

A

Two inferior chambers that eject blood into the arteries; separated from each other by interventricular septum

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15
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

control blood flow between atria and ventricles

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16
Q

Right coronary artery (RCA)

A

branches off the ascending aorta

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17
Q

Right marginal branch

A

Supplies lateral aspect of right atrium and ventricle

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18
Q

Angina pectoris

A

chest pain from partial obstruction of coronary blood flow
Pain caused by ischemia of cardiac muscle

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19
Q

Myocardial infarction (MI)

A

sudden death of a patch of myocardium resulting from long-term obstruction of coronary circulation
Atheroma (blood clot or fatty deposit) often obstructs coronary arteries; cardiac muscle downstream of the blockage dies
Heavy pressure or squeezing pain radiating into the left arm
painless heart attacks

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20
Q

Coronary sinus

A

transverse vein in coronary sulcus on posterior heart

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21
Q

heartbeat is

A

autorhythmic ( built in pace maker)

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22
sinuatrial (SA) node
PACEMAKER
22
Cardiac muscle
Rich in myoglobin and glycogen Huge mitochondria: fill 25% of cell Fatigue resistant
23
atrioventricular (AV) node
patch of modified cardiomyocytes serves as the electrical gateway to the ventricles BACK UP FOR SA
24
systole
contraction
25
diastole
relaxation
26
Sinus rhythm
normal heartbeat triggered by the SA node typically 70 to 80 bpm
27
Nodal (junctional) rhythm
if SA node is damaged, heart rate is set by AV node, 40 to 50 bpm
27
Ectopic focus
May govern heart rhythm if SA node is damaged
28
SA fires every
0.8 seconds , resting rate = 75bpm
29
electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
a composite of all action potentials of nodal and myocardial cells detected
30
p wave
atrial depolarization
31
t wave
ventricular repolarization
32
QRS interval
atrial repolarization and diastole; repolarization concealed by QRS wave
33
Ventricular fibrillation
random electrical signals result in no pumping action; hallmark of myocardial infarction (MI) and quickly fatal
34
Atrial fibrillation (AF, AFib)
weak rippling contraction in atria due to chaotic signals; atria fail to stimulate ventricles
35
Heart block
failure of part of conduction system; include bundle branch block (bundle branch failure) and total heart block (AV node failure)
36
Premature ventricular contraction (PVC)
ventricular ectopic focus fires and sets off extra beat
37
left side of heart
If mitral valve is open, blood flows into left ventricle When ventricle contracts, internal pressure rises
38
AV valves limp when
ventricles relaxed
39
Valvular insufficiency (incompetence)
any failure of a valve to prevent reflux (regurgitation), the backward flow of blood
40
Valvular stenosis
cusps are stiffened and opening is constricted by scar tissue; regurgitation can be heard as a heart murmur
41
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
insufficiency in which one or both mitral valve cusps bulge into atria during ventricular contraction
42
First heart sound
S1 lubb
43
second heart sound
S2 dupp
44
third heart sound
S3 rarely heard in people over 30; its presence may indicate enlarged or failing heart ( lubb,dupp, click)
45
Phases of the cardiac cycle:
1. Ventricular filling 2. Isovolumetric contraction 3. Ventricular ejection 4. Isovolumetric relaxation (happens in less than 1 second)
46
Ventricular filling
P wave
47
Isovolumetric contraction
s1 ventricles contract, they do not eject blood
48
Ventricular ejection
T wave Stroke volume (SV)—the amount ejected—is about 70 mL
49
Isovolumetric relaxation
T wave ends S2 occurs
50
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
left or right ventricular failure
51
Left ventricular failure
blood backs up into the lungs causing pulmonary edema; shortness of breath and sense of suffocation
52
Right ventricular failure
blood backs up in the vena cava causing systemic or generalized edema; enlargement of the liver, ascites (pooling of fluid in abdominal cavity), distension of jugular veins, swelling of the fingers, ankles, and fee
53
Cardioacceleratory center
cardiac nerves, sympathetic postganglionic
54
Cardioinhibitory center
vagus nerves, parasympathetic preganglionic
55
Bradycardia
common in endurance-trained athletes, also caused by hypothermia
55
Cardiac output (CO) =
heart rate (HR) × stroke volume (SV)
56
Tachycardia
persistent, resting adult HR above 100 bpm; causes by stress, anxiety, stimulants, heart disease, fever, or blood loss
57
HypoKalemia
low k (potassium) require increase stimulation
57
Hyperkalemia
High k (potassium) low irregular heart rate
58
Hypercalcemia
Excess Ca, Decrease heart rate and contraction
59
Hypocalcemia:
Low Ca, Increase heart rate and contraction rate
60
Frank-Starling law of the heart:
stroke volume is proportional to end-diastolic volume; ventricles eject as much blood as they receive
61
Afterload
blood pressure, hypertension, right ventricular failure
62
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
-degenerative disease in coronary arteries usually resulting from atherosclerosis—an accumulation of lipid deposits and necrotic tissue that obstructs the lumen and may cause a heart attack -Hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and other risk factors damage inner lining (endothelium) of arteries

endocrine system (11 decks)

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