cardio Flashcards by jouna alsaif

what is prinzmetal angina?

P= vasospasm
p= avoid b-blockers
E= St elevation on ecg
Z= sounds like c -> use CCB

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what is myocardial infarction?

necrosis of myocardium due to occlusion of a coronary artery usually by thrombus following atherosclerotic plaque rupture —> interrupt blood supply

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clinical features of MI

-sub sternal chest pain radiates to neck,jaw,left arm,back
-not relieved by by rest or nitroglycerin
-diaphoresis(sweating), dyspnea, nausea vomitting

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MI may be asymptomatic in who

elderly
diabetics
post op pts

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pathophysio of MI

1) plaque rupture w platelet adhesion aggregation and thrombus formation
2) vasoconstriction triggered by thrombaxane A2
3) occlude artery and transmural infarction

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pathophysiology of dyspnea in MI/ CAD leading to LVF

When the coronary arteries (which supply blood to the heart) are blocked due to MI or CAD, the heart muscle doesn’t get enough oxygen, leading to weak heart contractions. If the left ventricle (LV) fails, it can’t pump blood efficiently, causing fluid buildup in the lungs, leading to dyspnea (shortness of breath).

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two types of MI

Stemi - transmural involves entire wall thickness
Nstemi- subendocardial involve inner 1/3

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cardiac enzymes in MI

troponin and CK-MB

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what is significant in using CK-MB

recurrent infections bcz it returns to normal lvls within 48-72 hrs

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treatment of MI

dual antiplatelet - aspirin and clopidogrel
( given in ACS post stent and post cabg

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dressler syndrome

triad of fever pericarditis pleuritis leukocytosis
treated w aspirin / ibuprofen

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hypertrophy cardiomyopathy caused by mutations in what genes

troponin T and Beta myosin

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what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

ventricular hypertrophy lead to impaired diastolic filling and reduced stroke volume

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what is shown in ECG in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

LVH deep S in v1,v2, tall R in v5 v6

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how to treat hypertophic cardiomyopathy?

amiodarone reduce risk of arrhythmias
BB and verapamil

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dilated cardiomyopathy

dilated weak contracting ventricle

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50% are idiopathic cardiomyopathies

dilated cardiomyopathy

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a pt comes in with dilated cardiomyopathy what is usually the first complaint

shortness of breath

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what is shown in ECG in dilated cardiomyopathy

t wave flattening

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infiltration of the myocardium result in rigid ventricle leading to impaired diastolic filling

restrictive cardiomyopathy

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what are the symptoms of acute pericarditis

-chest pain radiates to neck and back (retrosternal) aggravated by cough, inspiration, and lying supine
-fever and leukocytosis
-friction rub

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acute pericarditis in ECG

ST elevation in all leads and PR depression

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treatment of acute pericarditis

Study These Flashcards

aspirin or ibuprofen and colchicine
if no response gluccocorticoids

tx of sinus tachycardia

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BB if not CCB

tx of SVT

blocking AV nodal conduction 1) vagal maneuvers, carotid massage 2) iv adenosine 3) if contraindicated use CCB

what has an irregularly irregular pulse

A fib

feared complication of A FIB

V FIB, embolism, stroke

what are non cardiac causes that could cause A fib

thyrotoxicosis PE alcohol hypokalemia

what are the steps if u suspect A fib

1) suspected: obtain ecg 2) confirmed: echo to see cardiac function and if there is heart disease 3) if Afib not confirmed in ecg obtain holter monitor

how to treat someone with A fib

ABCD anticougulation BB(rate) cardioversion(rhythm) digoxin

CHA2DS2-VASc risk

• C: Congestive Heart Failure – 1 point • H: Hypertension (blood pressure consistently above 140/90 mmHg or treated hypertension) – 1 point • A₂: Age ≥75 years – 2 points • D: Diabetes Mellitus – 1 point • S₂: Stroke, Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA), or Thromboembolism – 2 points • V: Vascular Disease (e.g., peripheral artery disease, myocardial infarction, aortic plaque) – 1 point • A: Age 65–74 years – 1 point • Sc: Sex Category (i.e., female sex) – 1 point

interpret chadvas score points

• Score of 0: Low risk; anticoagulation may not be necessary. • Score of 1: Intermediate risk; consider patient-specific factors to decide on anticoagulation. (aspirin) • Score of ≥2: High risk; anticoagulation is generally recommended.

75bpm after vagal maneuver is a characteristic of it

atrial flutter

has no p-waves saw toothed appearance

atrial flutter

mangement of atrial flutter

RACE rate control (BB) anticoagulation therapy cardioversion electrophysiology/anti-arrrythmic medication

multifocal atrial tachycardia is mostly seen in what patients

COPD and congestive heart failure

what has at least 3 distinct p-wave morphologies in the same lead

multifocal atrial tachycardia

wide abberrant bizzare shaped QRS

ventricular tachycardia

what are symptoms or signs of vent tachycardia

dizziness syncope sob chest pain palpitations sudden death

tx of vent tachycardia

LAPS lidocaine amiodarone procainamide sotalol

torsades de pointes

-polymorphic ventricular tachycardia -usually occurs in patients w a baseline of QT prolongation due to genetics, drugs, or electrolyte imbalance (low K/mg)

tx of torsades de pointes

iv magnesium sulfate

in ventricular fibrillation what happens to the patient

patient is pulseless and rapidly becomes unconciouss and resp ceases (cardiac arrest)

tx of ventricular fibrillation

immediate defibrillation

diff btwn cardioversion and defibrillation

cardioversion is shock with synchrony with qrs but defibrillation not with qrs cardioversion pt has pulse other is pulseless

when is it normal to have sinus bradycardia

athletes and when sleeping

ppl with consistent bradycardia treated with what

permanent cardiac pacemaker

sick sinus syndrome

sinus node is not functioning so might send out signals too quickly or too slowly tachyarrythmias on ecg would show severe sinus bradycardia or intermittent long pauses btwn consecutive p waves

1st degree AV block

PR interval is prolonged, every p wave is followed by a qrs

2nd degree av block mobitz 1 and 2

mobitz 1: PR increases progressively until beat dropped mobitz 2: PR is constant then beat drops

3rd degree heart block

AV conduction completely blocked no connection btwn atria and ventricles p waves and qrs are independent

tx of unstable av blocks

atropine then percutaneous pacing

right bundle branch block

wide QRS V1 and V2 show RSR' rabbit ears or looks like M lateral leads : v6, lead 1, AVL slurred S wide S

left bundle branch block

in V1 shows W shape in V6 Shows M shape WiLLiaM

anti-arrhthimcs medications

No body knows cardiology class 1: Na channel blockers class 2 : Beta blockers class 3 : K channel blockers class 4: CCB

cardio Flashcards

(55 cards)