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BIO 102 LE 1 Flashcards > cardio > Flashcards

cardio Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

Circulatory system – transport substances in all the _______ within the animal

A

exchange surfaces

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2
Q

In an open circulatory system (like a grasshopper), blood flows through _______

A

vessels and then into body cavities

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3
Q

In a closed circulatory system (like an earthworm), blood is confined to _______

A

blood vessels

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4
Q

The propulsive organ in the circulatory system is the _______

A

heart

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5
Q

The arterial system in circulation consists of _______

A

arteries and arterioles

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6
Q

Capillaries are where _______

A

exchange of substances takes place

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7
Q

The venous system in circulation consists of _______

A

veins and venules

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8
Q

Arteries, capillaries, and veins constitute the _______

A

peripheral circulation

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9
Q

In mammals, the circulation is _______ with a fully divided heart

A

closed

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10
Q

The atrium in the heart functions to _______

A

receive blood from circulation

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11
Q

The ventricle in the heart functions to _______

A

pump blood to blood vessels

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12
Q

The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle is called the _______

A

tricuspid valve

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13
Q

The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is called the _______

A

bicuspid or mitral valve

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14
Q

Arteries bring blood _______ from the heart

A

away

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15
Q

Arterioles lead to _______

A

capillaries

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16
Q

Capillaries are where _______ takes place

A

exchange of substances

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17
Q

Venules lead to _______

A

veins

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18
Q

Veins bring blood _______ the heart

A

to

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19
Q

The factors that cause blood to flow include _______, _______, _______, and _______

A

rhythmic contractions of the heart, recoil of arteries, body movements, contractions of smooth muscle

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20
Q

In the cardiac cycle, _______ refers to contraction

A

systole

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21
Q

In the cardiac cycle, _______ refers to relaxation

A

diastole

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22
Q

The pacemaker in the heart _______

A

initiates electrical activity

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23
Q

A neurogenic pacemaker is found in _______ hearts

A

invertebrate

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24
Q

A myogenic pacemaker is found in _______ hearts

A

vertebrate and some invertebrate

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25
Cardiac output (C.O.) is defined as _______
volume of blood per minute pumped by a heart to the body
26
The formula for cardiac output is _______
C.O. = Heart rate × stroke volume
27
Heart rate is defined as _______
heart beat per minute
28
Stroke volume is defined as _______
amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle during each beat
29
Parasympathetic stimulation _______ cardiac output
reduces
30
ACh (acetylcholine) _______ heart rate
decreases
31
ACh _______ excitability of the AV node
decreases
32
Parasympathetic stimulation of the atrial contractile cells _______ the action potential
shortens
33
Sympathetic stimulation _______ cardiac output
increases
34
NE (norepinephrine) _______ heart rate
increases
35
NE _______ the AV nodal delay
reduces
36
NE _______ the spread of the action potential
speeds up
37
NE _______ contractile strength
increases
38
Intrinsic control of stroke volume is based on _______
venous return
39
Extrinsic control of stroke volume is based on _______
sympathetic stimulation
40
The Frank-Starling Law of the Heart states that increased end-diastolic volume (EDV) intrinsically results in _______
increased stroke volume (SV)
41
The velocity of blood flow is related to _______
cross sectional area
42
The blood vessel with the smallest cross sectional area is the _______
arteriole
43
The blood vessels with the largest cross sectional area are the _______
capillaries
44
Laminar flow is characterized by _______
layers of the fluid sliding smoothly over each other with a parabolic velocity profile
45
Turbulent flow is characterized by _______
fluid moving in directions not aligned with the axis of the flow
46
Turbulent flow results in _______
increase in the energy needed to move fluid through a vessel
47
The hemodynamic flow law is expressed as _______
Q = ΔP/R
48
In the hemodynamic flow law, Q represents _______
flow rate of fluid through a vessel
49
In the hemodynamic flow law, ΔP represents _______
pressure gradient, or P₁ − P₂
50
In the hemodynamic flow law, R represents _______
resistance of blood vessels
51
Blood flows from an area of _______ pressure to an area of _______ pressure
higher, lower
52
Flow rate is determined by the _______ in pressure between the two ends of a vessel
difference
53
The major resistance vessels in circulation are the _______
arterioles
54
Total peripheral resistance is defined as _______
total resistance offered by all the systemic peripheral vessels
55
The primary determinant of total peripheral resistance is the _______
adjustable arteriolar radius
56
According to Poiseuille-Hagen law, flow of blood is directly proportional to _______ and inversely related to _______
pressure gradient, viscosity
57
The Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect states that _______
relative viscosity of blood decreases with diameter and approaches the viscosity of plasma (< 0.3 mm diameter vessels)
58
Plasma skimming effect refers to _______
accumulation of RBC in the center of blood stream, leaving the sides of vessels low in RBC and high in plasma
59
Transport across the capillary wall by ultra filtration occurs when _______
P inside > P outside
60
Transport across the capillary wall by reabsorption occurs when _______
P inside < P outside
61
The cardiovascular control center regulates _______ and _______
cardiac output, arteriolar resistance
62
Baroreceptors are _______ that monitor blood pressure
pressure sensors (a type of mechanoreceptor)
63
The carotid sinus baroreceptor protects _______
blood flow to the brain
64
The aortic arch baroreceptor protects _______
blood flow to the heart
65
Arterial chemoreceptors respond with an increase in discharge frequency to an increase in _______ or to decreases in _______ and _______
CO₂, O₂, pH
66
The three components of hemostasis are _______, _______, and _______
vascular spasm, formation of platelet plug, blood coagulation (clotting)
67
The structure that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle is known as the _______
tricuspid valve
68
The structure that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle is known as the _______
bicuspid or mitral valve
69
The organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body is the _______
heart
70
In mammals, the heart has _______ chambers
four
71
The vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called _______
arteries
72
The smallest blood vessels where exchange of substances occurs are called _______
capillaries
73
The blood vessels that return blood to the heart are known as _______
veins
74
The term for the phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscle relaxes is _______
diastole
75
The term for the phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscle contracts is _______
systole
76
The primary pacemaker of the heart is the _______
sinoatrial (SA) node
77
The law that describes how increased end-diastolic volume leads to increased stroke volume is called the _______
Frank-Starling Law of the Heart
78
The pressure sensors in the cardiovascular system that monitor blood pressure are known as _______
baroreceptors
79
The effect where relative viscosity of blood decreases with diameter in small vessels is called the _______
Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect
80
The process by which substances are exchanged across the capillary wall when pressure inside is greater than outside is known as _______
ultra filtration
81
The process by which substances are reabsorbed into the capillaries when pressure inside is less than outside is known as _______
reabsorption

BIO 102 LE 1 Flashcards (3 decks)

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