cardio

Question 1

S1 sound

Answer 1

“lub” closure of mitral and tricuspid valves, onset of systole

Question 2

S2 sound

Answer 2

“dub” closing of aortic and pulmonary valves, onset of diastole

Question 3

S3 sound

Answer 3

“ventral gallup” abnormal, ventrical filling associated with heart failure

Question 4

S4 sound

Answer 4

“atrial gallup” abnormal, ventricular filling and atrial contraction

Question 5

auscultation land mark aortic valve

Answer 5

2nd IC space, R sternal border

Question 6

auscultation land mark pulmonic valve

Answer 6

2nd IC space, L sternal border

Question 7

auscultation land mark tricuspid valve

Answer 7

4th IC space, L sternal border

Question 8

auscultation land mark bicuspid/mitral valve

Answer 8

5th IC space, L midclavicular line

Question 9

tidal volume

Answer 9

500mL - air inspired during normal breathing

Question 10

inspiratory reserve volume IRV

Answer 10

3100mL - additional air that can be inhaled after normal tidal volume

Question 11

expiratory reserve volume ERV

Answer 11

1200mL additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal tidal volume

Question 12

residual volume RV

Answer 12

1200mL volume of air in lungs after ERV is exhaled

Question 13

total lung capacity TLC

Answer 13

6000mL max amount of air that can fill lungs IRV+ERV+TV+RV

Question 14

vital capacity

Answer 14

4800mL - total amount of air that can be expired after fully exhaling TV+IRV+ERV

Question 15

inspiratory capacity IC

Answer 15

3600mL - max amount of air that can be inspired TV+IRV

Question 16

functional residual capacity FRC

Answer 16

2400mL - amount of air remaining in lung after norma expiration RRV+ERV

Question 17

rhonchi

Answer 17

abnormal sound, continuous low pitched rattling lung sound that resembles snoring
can be heard in pts with COPD, brinchiectasis, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, or cystic fibrosis

Question 18

wheeze

Answer 18

a high pitched sound heard in expiration, caused by airway obstruction (COPD, asthma, foreign body). in severe constriction it may be hear in inspiration as well

Question 19

crackles

Answer 19

brief, discontinuous popping lung sounds that are high pitched can be heard in both phases of respiration

Question 20

pleural rub

Answer 20

auscultation in the lower lateral chest areas it occurs with each inspiration and expiration, can be indication of pleural inflammation

Question 21

vesicular breath sound

Answer 21

inspiratory longer than expiratory, soft intensity, low pitch, over most the lungs

Question 22

broncho-vesicular breath sound

Answer 22

inspiratory and expiratory sounds are equal, intermediate intensity and pitch, between 1st and 2nd IC anteriorly and between the scapulae

Question 23

bronchial breath sounds

Answer 23

expiratory sounds are longer, loud intensity and high pitch, over manubrium

Question 24

tracheal breath sounds

Answer 24

inspiratory and expiratory are equal, very loud intensity and relatively high pitch, over trachea in the neck

Question 25

mild COPD

Answer 25

FEV1/FVC = <70, FEV1 = >/= 80% with or without cough and sputum

Question 26

moderate COPD staging

Answer 26

FEV1/FVC = <70% FEV1 = 50% predicted < 80% SOB with exertion, with or without cough and sputum

Question 27

severe COPD classification

Answer 27

FEV1/FVC = <70% FEV1 30%

Question 28

very severe COPD classification

Answer 28

FEV1/FVC = <70%, FEV1 = <30% or <50% plus chronic respiratory failure, respiratory failure and signs of right heart failure/corpulmonale

Question 29

what measures increase for obstructive diseases

Answer 29

FRC, RV, TLC, and TV

Question 30

which has a higher residual volume obstructive or restrictive diseases

Answer 30

obstructive

Question 31

bronchophony

Answer 31

increased vocal resonance with greater clarity and loudness of spoken words example -"99"

Question 32

egophony

Answer 32

a form of bronchophony in which the spoken long E sound changes to a long nasal sounding A

Question 33

whispered pectoriloquy

Answer 33

an increased loudness of whispering.. recognition of whispered words "1,2,3"

Question 34

normal pH

Answer 34

7.35-7.45

Question 35

normal PaCO2

Answer 35

35-45 mmHg

Question 36

normal HCO2

Answer 36

22-26 mEq/L

Question 37

acidic values

Answer 37

pH < 7.35 PaCO2 >45 HCO3 <22

Question 38

alkaline values

Answer 38

pH >7.45 PaCO2 <35 HCO3 >26

Question 39

respiratory acidosis

Answer 39

decreased pH increased PaCO2 normal HCO3

Question 40

respiratory alkalosis

Answer 40

increased pH decreased PaCO2 normal HCO3

Question 41

metabolic acidosis

Answer 41

decreased pH normal PaCO2 decreased HCO3

Question 42

metabolic alkalosis

Answer 42

increased pH normal PaCO2 increased HCO3