Cardio 1A

Question 1

What fraction of the hearts mass is found to the left of the midline?

Answer 1

2/3

Question 2

What is the membrane that encases the heart?

Answer 2

Pericardial sac or pericardium

Question 3

What forms the apex of the heart?

Answer 3

The bottom tip of the left atrium

Question 4

Where is the base of the heart located?

Answer 4

At approximately the 2nd costal cartilage

Question 5

What does the anterior surface of the heat mainly consist of?

Answer 5

Right ventricle

Question 6

Where does the right atrium receive blood and is it oxygenated or not?

Answer 6

Coronary sinus, superior vena cava and inferior vena cava. The blood is deoxygenated.

Question 7

Where does the blood from the right ventricle go?

Answer 7

Lungs

Question 8

Where does blood from the left ventricle go?

Answer 8

The body (systemic circulation)

Question 9

What separates the right and left atria?

Answer 9

The interatrial septum

Question 10

What is formed where the foramen ovale was in fetal circulation?

Answer 10

Fossa ovalis

Question 11

Where is the fossa ovalis located?

Answer 11

In the interatrial septum

Question 12

What is it called when the foramen ovale doesn’t close?

Answer 12

Patent foramen ovale

Question 13

What is the term used to describe an interatrial septum that fails to form properly?

Answer 13

Atrial septal defect

Question 14

What is the most common CONGENITAL cardiac abnormality? What percentage of children have this?

Answer 14

Ventricular septal defect 30-60%

Question 15

How can a septal defect occur in adults?

Answer 15

After a heart attack (MI) before scar tissue forms in dead tissue (due to macrophage remodeling)

Question 16

What pressure must be overcome in order to pump blood?

Answer 16

Pulmonic and aortic pressure

Question 17

How much does each ventricle hold EDV when full?

Answer 17

150 ml

Question 18

How much blood is normally ejected from the ventricles with each contraction? What is this amount called?

Answer 18

70-80 ml Stroke volume (SV)

Question 19

What is the ejection fracture and how is it found?

Answer 19

The percentage of blood that is emptied from the ventricles. SV/EDVX100

Question 20

What are the layers of the heart moving inside to outside?

Answer 20

Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium (visceral pericardium), pericardial space (normally fluid filled), parietal pericardium

Question 21

What parts of the heart are covered by endocardium?

Answer 21

Chambers, valves, chordae tendinae, and papillary muscles

Question 22

Is the heart capable of hyperplasia?

Answer 22

No only hypertrophy (enlargement of heart cells) not capable of regeneration (hyperplasia)

Question 23

What is the cause of hypertrophy?

Answer 23

Hypertension

Question 24

What are the consequences of hypertrophy?

Answer 24

Heart wall becomes rigid and less elastic and EDV and SV decrease

Question 25

What are the characteristics of heart muscle?

Answer 25

Cylindrical branching cells, single central nucleus, intercalated discs.

Question 26

What four things are contained in the epicardium?

Answer 26

Blood capillaries, lymph capillaries, nerve fibers, and epicardial fat

Question 27

What percentage of the heart is covered in epicardial fat and what percentage of the weight of the heart does this fat make up?

Answer 27

60-80% of heart covered in fat and constitutes 20% of hearts weight

Question 28

Where is heart fat located?

Answer 28

Along coronary arteries, right ventricle (right border), anterior surface at the apex

Question 29

What is the purpose of fat around the heart?

Answer 29

Provides fatty acids to cardiac muscle as local energy source in times of high demand

Question 30

Where is the pericardial space or cavity?

Answer 30

Between the parietal and visceral pericardial layer

Question 31

How much fluid is normally in the pericardial space?

Answer 31

10 ml

Question 32

Where are the atrioventricular valves located and which valves are they?

Answer 32

Located between the atria and ventricles | The tricuspid and the mitral valves

Question 33

How many leaflets are there in the tricuspid valve? How does it differ from the mitral valve?

Answer 33

3; it is thinner and larger in diameter

Question 34

How many cups does the mitral (bicuspid) valve have? How else does it differ from the tricuspid valve?

Answer 34

2; it is thicker and smaller in diameter

Question 35

What keeps the AV valves from being blown upward into the atria?

Answer 35

Chordae tendineae ("heart strings") which attach to the cusps of the valve and originate in the papillary muscles

Question 36

What is the function of the papillary muscles?

Answer 36

They contract when the ventricles contract and pull the cusps of the valves toward the ventricles (prevents bulging too far towards the atria

Question 37

How many cusps do the semilunar valves have?

Answer 37

3 shaped like half moons; prevent blood flow from aorta and pulmonary arteries back into the ventricles

Question 38

What produces the first heart sound?

Answer 38

Closing of the AV valves (tricuspid and mitral)

Question 39

What produces the second heart sound?

Answer 39

Closing of the semilunar valves (pulmonic and aortic)