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Cardiology > Cardio 2a flashcards > Flashcards

Cardio 2a flashcards

1
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of heart failure?

A

breathlessness, fatigue, cough, ankle swelling
tachycardia, displaces apex, increased JVP
high NTproBNP

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2
Q

What is cardiopathy and the classifications?

A

chronic disease of the primary heart muscle
hypertrophic
dilated
arrhythmogenic

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3
Q

How are the symptoms pericarditis?

A

chest pain - severe, central, pleuritic, squeezing, relieved by sitting forward

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4
Q

What are the tests for pericarditis?

A

ausculatation - friction rub heart sound

ECG - PR depression, saddle ST elevation

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5
Q

What is WPW?

A

prescence of a congenital accessory pathway between the atria and ventricles

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6
Q

How would you detect WPW?

A

tachycardic

ECG - delta waves, short PR, QRS prolongation

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7
Q

ST elevation on which leads show which type of STEMI?

A

anterior - v3-v6
lateral - I, VL, V5-V6
inferior - II, III, aVF

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8
Q

How would you treat pericarditis?

A

sedetary activity
NSAIDs and aspirin
cochicine

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9
Q

What is the tetralogy of fallot?

A

congenital cardiac malformation

  • pulmonary stenosis
  • over-riding aorta
  • right ventricular hypertrophy
  • VSD
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10
Q

What are the structural heart defects that cause cyanosis?

A 
tetralogy of fallot 
stenosis of RV 
eisenmenger's syndrome 
patent ductus arteriosis 
pulmonary stenosis
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11
Q

How do atheroscelorotic lesions develop?

A

damaged endothelial cells have higher cell adhesion for monocytes, increased permeability and thrombogenicity
this allows inflammatory cells and lipis to enter the intima

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12
Q

How would you diagnose a valvular heart disease?

A

echo

ECG, CXR

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13
Q

What are the effects of endocarditis?

A

localised problems e.g. HF
shedding of emboli from vegetations
immune complex formation

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14
Q

How would you treat an MI?

A

MONA - morphine, oxygen, nitrate, aspirin

PCI/CABG

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15
Q

What are foam cells?

A

macrophages that have phagocytosed oxidised lipoproteins

seen in atherosclerosis

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16
Q

What are the guidelines for hypertension treatment?

A

<55/DM - Ace-i
>55/black - calcium channel blocker
both A & C
A & C & thiazide

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17
Q

What are the 4 most common types of valvular heart disease?

A

aortic stenosis and regurgitation

mitral stenosis and regurgitation

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18
Q

What are the risk factors of PVD?

A

smoking
hypertension
hypercholesterolaemia

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of PVD?

A

claudication
rest pain
ulceration, gangrene
6Ps - pain, pale, perishingly cold, paralysis, paraestethia, pulseless

20
Q

What are the 2 layers of pericardium and what is it’s function?

A

parietal and visceral

restrain the volume of the heart

21
Q

How would you treat chronic heart failure?

A

Ace-inhibitor and beta blocker
add spironolactone
specialist could add digoxin, CRT, hydralazine with nitrate, ivabradine, sacubitril-valsartan

22
Q

What are the stages of atherosclerosis?

A

fatty streaks
intermediate lesions
advanced lesions

23
Q

What is aortic dissection and the two types?

A

blood bursts through aortic media
Type A - abdominal aorta
Type B - doesn’t involve abdominal aorta

24
Q

How would you detect atrial flutter on ECG?

A

ECG - narrow complex tachycardia, sawtooth pattern (I,II)

25
Q

How do you treat ischaemia in PVD?

A 
risk factor modification 
balloon angioplasty 
stenting 
amputation 
carotid endartectomy
26
Q

How would you diagnose IHD?

A

12 - lead ECG - ST depression
echo
CT angiogram
stress treadmill/echo

27
Q

What is the first line pharmalogical treatment of IHD?

A

beta blockers or calcium channel blockers

28
Q

What are secondary prevention medications given in ischaemic heart disease?

A

aspirin, statin, nitrate

29
Q

Who gets endocarditis and which pathogens are likely to cause it?

A

Native valves - strep viridans, enterococci
IVDU - staph epidermidis/aeureus, psedomonas, candida
Prosthetic - coagulase - staph, gram - bacilli, candida

30
Q

What is coarctation of aorta?

A

narrowing at the site of insertion into ductus arteriosus

31
Q

What are the classes of haemorrhagic/hypovolaemic shock?

A

I: HR<100, blood loss <15%, RR 14-20, urine output >30mls/hr
II: HR 100-120, blood loss 15-30%, RR 20-30, urine output 20-30 mls/hr
III: HR >120, blood loss >30%, RR 30-40, urine output 5-15 mls/hr

32
Q

What is an aortic aneurysm and how would you treat it?

A

artery dilation
ruptured = surgery, treat shock
unruptured AAA = monitor then surgery

33
Q

What do statins do?

A

inihibitors of HMG COA reductase which limits hepatic cholesterol synthesis
reduces inflammation
promotes plaque stability

34
Q

What is atrial fibillation and how would you treat it?

A

atria fire too quickly = tachycardia
BB, dilitizaem, digoxin for rate control
flecainide, amiodarone or satalol for rhythm control
anticoagulate them
catheter ablation

35
Q

What is the classification for HF?

A 
New York Heart Association
Class I - no limitation 
Class II - slight limitation 
Class III - marked limitation 
Class IV - unable to carry out any physcial activity without discomfort
36
Q

What indicates heart block?

A

p waves without QRS complex

1st - 3rd heart block shows severity

37
Q

What are the 3 types of diuretics and give examples?

A

loop - furosemide
K+ sparing - spironolactone
thiazide - bendrofluromethazide

38
Q

What is the classification for MI?

A

STEMI (Q wave or non Q wave)

NSTEMI

39
Q

What is atherosclerosis and where does it occur?

A

disease of arteries where fatty plaques develop in intima eventually obstructing blood flow
occurs in coronary arteries

40
Q

What is ACS?

A

acute coronary syndromes = unstable angina, STEMI, NSTEMI

41
Q

What is the treatment for endocarditis?

A

antimicrobials for 6 weeks
treat complications
surgery

42
Q

How would you treat shock?

A

ABCDE
treat cause
fluid resus

43
Q

What are the 5 main types of shock?

A 
anaphylaxis 
hypovolaemic 
cardiogenic 
neurogenic 
septic
44
Q

What do nitrates do and give an example?

A

vasodilators - arterial and venous

  • decrease pre-load and after-load so decrease BP
    e. g. GTN spray
45
Q

What are the 3 parts of angina pain?

A

central, crushing, radiates to arm and jaw
precipitated by exercise
better with rest

46
Q

What symptoms are on hands of people with infective endocarditis?

A

splinter haemorrhages
Osler nodes - tips of fingers, painful, local immune response
Janeway lesions - palms and soels of feet, not painful, microemboli
petichial black spots

47
Q

What does aspirin do?

A

irreversible COX-1 inhibitor so inhibits platelet aggreeggation

Cardiology (5 decks)

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