cardio

Question 1

what is the outer fibrous layer of the heart called?

Answer 1

pericardium

Question 2

what is found on the inside of the pericardium?

Answer 2

epicardium

Question 3

what is the name of the tissue that makes up most of the heart?

Answer 3

myocardium

Question 4

what is the smooth lining of the inner service of the cavities of the heart?

Answer 4

endocardium

Question 5

what is the pathway of blood flow starting with S and I vena cava?

Answer 5

S. and I vena cava
right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary vein
left atrium
left ventricle
aorta

Question 6

atrioventricular valves prevent back flow of blood during?

Answer 6

ventricular systole

Question 7

AV valves are anchored by?

Answer 7

chordae tendineae to papillary muscles

Question 8

the walls of the _____ are thicker and stronger than the _____ and form most of the ____ side and apex of the heart

Answer 8

left ventricle
right ventricle
left

Question 9

name the 2 AV valves

Answer 9

tricuspid

bicuspid/mitral

Question 10

tricuspid valve is found on the ____ side

Answer 10

right

Question 11

mitral valve is on the _____ side

Answer 11

left

Question 12

semilunar valves prevent back flow of blood where?

Answer 12

from aorta and pulmonary arteries into the ventricles

Question 13

when do the semilunar valves prevent back flow?

Answer 13

diastole

Question 14

what are the two semilunar valves?

Answer 14

pulmonary valve

aortic valve

Question 15

the pulmonary valve prevents ___ back flow

Answer 15

right

Question 16

the aortic valve prevent _____ backflow

Answer 16

left

Question 17

systole is the period of ventricular _______

Answer 17

contraction

Question 18

end-systolic volume is

Answer 18

amount of blood in the ventricles after systole ( 50ml )

Question 19

diastole is the period of ventricular ______

Answer 19

relaxation and filling of blood

Question 20

end diastolic volume

Answer 20

about of blood in blood in ventricles after diastole ( 120 mL)

Question 21

atrial contraction is AKA

Answer 21

atrial kick

Question 22

inatrial kick occurs when?

Answer 22

last 1/3 of diastole and completes ventricular filling

Question 23

Right coronary artery supplies?

Answer 23

R atrium
most of R ventricle
inferior wall of L ventricles
AV node and bundle of HIS
supplies SA node 60% of the time

Question 24

the SA node receives blood from the _____ 60% of the time

Answer 24

RCA

Question 25

Left coronary artery supplies most of the blood to the ______ and divides into two main divisions: ___ and ____

Answer 25

left ventricle left anterior descending circumflex

Question 26

left anterior descending supplies

Answer 26

left ventricle | interventricular septum

Question 27

circumflex supplies

Answer 27

lateral and inferior walls of the left ventricle portions of left atrium supplies SA node 40% of time

Question 28

circumflex supplies the SA node _____ percent of the time

Answer 28

40%

Question 29

SA node rhythm for heart is?

Answer 29

60-100 beats per min

Question 30

AV node rhythm is set at ______ BPM.

Answer 30

40-60

Question 31

purkinje fibers have an intrinsic firing rate of ___-___ BPM

Answer 31

20-40

Question 32

stroke volume:

Answer 32

the amount of blood ejected with each myocardial contraction | 55-100 mL per beat

Question 33

what 3 things effect stroke volume?

Answer 33

left ventricular end diastolic volume ( LVEDV) contractility afterload

Question 34

what is Frank-Starlings Law?

Answer 34

the greater the diastolic filling (preload) the greater quantity of blood pump

Question 35

LVEDV is AKA

Answer 35

preload

Question 36

what is afterload?

Answer 36

the force the Left ventricle must generate during systole to overcome aortic pressure to open the aortic valve

Question 37

cardiac output

Answer 37

the amount of blood pumped from the left or right ventricle per min

Question 38

what is the average CO

Answer 38

at rest, 4-5 L per min

Question 39

CO = ______ x ________

Answer 39

stroke volume x heart rate

Question 40

cardiac index = CO/

Answer 40

body surface area

Question 41

cardiac index norm is

Answer 41

2.5-3.5 L/min

Question 42

LVEDP during diastole is normally?

Answer 42

5-12 mm Hg

Question 43

ejection fraction

Answer 43

percentages of blood emptied from the ventricles during systole

Question 44

Ejection fraction

Answer 44

SV/ LVEDP

Question 45

normal EF should be over _____ percent

Answer 45

55%

Question 46

diastolic filling time ______ with increased HR and with heart disease

Answer 46

decreases

Question 47

what is the primary site for vascular resistance?

Answer 47

arterioles

Question 48

_____ veins are the only ones that follow arteries

Answer 48

deep

Question 49

venous circulation is influenced by?

Answer 49

muscle contraction gravity respiration compliancy of R heart

Question 50

with respiration, _____ increases blood flow back to the heart

Answer 50

inspiration

Question 51

cholinergic is sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation?

Answer 51

parasympathetic

Question 52

parasympathetic stimulation _____ the rate of myocardial contraction, _______ myocardial metabolism, and cause coronary artery _________.

Answer 52

slows decreases vasoconstriction

Question 53

adrenergic is sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation?

Answer 53

sym

Question 54

sympathetic stimulation occurs via what cord segments | /

Answer 54

T1-T4

Question 55

adrenergic does what to the coronary artery?

Answer 55

vasodilation

Question 56

drugs that increase sympathetic function are known as?

Answer 56

sympathomimetics

Question 57

drugs that decrease sympathetic function are known as?

Answer 57

sympatholytics

Question 58

what is the main mechanism s for controlling heart rate?

Answer 58

baroreceptors

Question 59

where are baroreceptors found?

Answer 59

walls of aortic arch and carotid sinus

Question 60

increased right atrial pressure cause what reflex?

Answer 60

acceleration of the heart

Question 61

increased C02 or decreased 02 results in what with the heart?

Answer 61

increase in HR

Question 62

hyperkalemia is the result of _________ concentration of potassium ions which ________ the rate and force of contraction of the heart

Answer 62

increased | decreases

Question 63

what would one see on a ECG of a person with hyperkalemia

Answer 63

widened PR interval and QRS interval | tall T waves

Question 64

hypercalcemia has what effect on the heart

Answer 64

increases heart actions

Question 65

hypocalcemia has what effect on the heart

Answer 65

depresses heart actions

Question 66

normal HR for adult for children for newborn

Answer 66

60-100 60-140 127 ( 90-164)

Question 67

give 2 examples of compensatory tachycardia?

Answer 67

surgery | dehydration

Question 68

what is considered tachycardia?

Answer 68

over 100 bpm

Question 69

what is considered bradycardia

Answer 69

under 60 bpm

Question 70

what is postural tachycardia?

Answer 70

sustained heart rate increase 30 bpm within 10 mins of standing

Question 71

S1 sound is what?

Answer 71

lub , closing of mitral and tricuspid valves | beginning of systole

Question 72

S2 sound is what?

Answer 72

dub, closing of aortic and pulmonary valves | marks end of systole

Question 73

p wave =

Answer 73

atrial depolarization

Question 74

P-R interval =

Answer 74

time required for impulse to travel from atria through conduction system to purkinje fibers

Question 75

QRS =

Answer 75

ventricular depolarization

Question 76

ST segment =

Answer 76

beginning of ventricular repolarization

Question 77

T wave =

Answer 77

ventricular repolarization

Question 78

QT interval=

Answer 78

time for electrical systole