Cardio

Question 1

What does the femoral artery become?

Answer 1

popliteal artery

Question 2

Which artery is most injured by posterior dislocation of the knee?

Answer 2

popliteal artery

Question 3

what does the popliteal artery branch into?

Answer 3

posterior tibial artery and anterior tibial artery

Question 4

what causes aortic stenosis in younger patients

Answer 4

calcification of the valves

Question 5

what causes a harsh crescendo-decresendo midsystolic murmur that radiates to the neck

Answer 5

aortic stenosis

Question 6

what enzyme is useful to determine if there is heart muscle damage?

Answer 6

CK-MB

Question 7

what is CK-MB assocaited with

Answer 7

brain damage

Question 8

what is CK-MM associated with

Answer 8

skeletal muscle damage

Question 9

What happens during high intensity static exercise (weight lifting)

Answer 9

blood vessels are compressed increasing vascular resitance and decreasing blood flow. Leads to increased cardiac output –> increased MAP.

Question 10

What happens during dynamic endurance exercise?

Answer 10

vascular resistance decreases and blood flow increases due to metabolic vasodilation of the arterioles. Capillary filtration rate can increase downstream, which increases lymph flow from the muscle.

Question 11

Which beta 1 blocker can cause varying degrees of heart block?

Answer 11

Atenolol

Question 12

adverse effects of Beta blockers

Answer 12

• impotence - CV (bradycardia, AV block, HF) - CNS (seizures, sedation) - dyslipidemia - asthma/COPD

Question 13

Beta 1 selective blockers

Answer 13

-acebutolol -atenolol -betaxolol -esmolol -metoprolol (go from A to M, B1 w/first half alphabet)

Question 14

What 2 diseases cause increased pulse pressure?

Answer 14

aortic regurgitation Arteriosclerosis

Question 15

What 2 dieases cause decreased pulse pressure?

Answer 15

aortic stenosis mitral stenosis

Question 16

What disease increases diastolic pressure?

Answer 16

mitral stenosis

Question 17

What diseases decrease diastolic pressure?

Answer 17

aortic regurgitation PDA

Question 18

Which class of drugs is recommended for treatment of hypertension in diabetic and/or heart failure patients?

Answer 18

ACE inhibitors (enalapril, lisinopril, captopril)

Question 19

What can cause an arteriovenous fistuala?

Answer 19

formation of a psuedoaneurysm that can erode through the wall

Question 20

What does an arteriovenous fistula do to the return and cardiac output curves?

Answer 20

• shifts the venous return curve to the right and rotates it upward
• increased cardiac output, but the curve doesn’t change - arterial pressure is increased but TPR is decreased

Question 21

What are two classic risk factors for the development of a pulmonary embolus?

Answer 21

1. hip fracture
2. prolonged bed rest

Question 22

Presents 4-8 weeks post MI and results from a large anterior or anteriorseptal defect. Complications include arrythmias, thromboembolism, and congestive heart failure.

Answer 22

Ventricular aneurysm

Question 23

What beta blockers have intrisinc sympathomimetic activity and SHOULD NOT be used in patients with angina?

Answer 23

• Pindolol
• Acebutolol

They increase the HR and don’t reduce the myocardial oxygen demand.

Question 24

What is the most common cause of death within 24-48 hours following an MI?

Answer 24

arrythmia

Question 25

What is associated with **weak peripheral pulses?**

Answer 25

aortic stenosis

Question 26

What is being measured when a **pulmonary wedge cathetere is** * A - inflated * B- deflated

Answer 26

* A = inflated is measuring **left atrial pressure** * B=deflated is measuring **pulmonary artery pressure** (25/8)

Question 27

What can cause **chest pain** that is NOT relieved by **nitroglycerin** and shows NO elevated troponin or CK-MB. However, there may be ST depression.

Answer 27

Acute coronary syndrome caused by **thrombus of a coronary artery**

Question 28

What pathological changes are seen with stable angina?

Answer 28

* loss of myocytes with **fibrosis** * **vacuolization** of the myocytes in the **subendocardium**

Question 29

What is the physiology behind **coarctation of the aorta?**

Answer 29

* Coarctation lowers renal artery pressure --\> wall stress is reduced --\> less calcium released --\> initates renin release & RAAS system active

Question 30

What are the 4 **physiological things** that occur with **cardiogenic shock**?

Answer 30

* decreased **stroke volume** * decreased **cardiac output** * increased **systemic vascular resistance** * increased **cardiac preload**

Question 31

What is characterize by **lack of P** waves and **fluctuating R-R intervals?**

Answer 31

* Atrial fibrillation

Question 32

how is **atrial fibrillation** treated in a person who is over 75 years w/history of atherosclerotic disease?

Answer 32

* use heparin for first few days * use **warfarin** for long term

Question 33

What is the cause of **endocardial cushion defects** and what disease are they associated with?

Answer 33

* cause = **failure of neural crest cells to migrate** * associated with **Down's syndrome**

Question 34

What drug has **aldosterone blocking effects in collecting tubule** and can cause **gynecomastia?**

Answer 34

* spironolactone