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Cardio Flashcards

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1
Q

Sinus tachycardia def and causes

A

Fast heart rate over 100bpm with normal rhythm that can be caused by anemia, CHF, pain, anxiety, exercise, and hyperthyroidism

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2
Q

Sinus tachycardia Sx

A

rate over 100, chest pain, palpitations, dyspnea

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3
Q

Sinus tachycardia sequelae

A

CHF, clots

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4
Q

Sinus tachycardia workup

A

ECG, halter monitor

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5
Q

Sinus tachycardia tx

A

beta blockers, CCB, carotid massage, adenosine for emergency rate control

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6
Q

aortic regurg def and causes

A

valvular incompetence causing backflow into the ventricle, most commonly due to rheumatic fever but can also be from infective endocarditis and congenital bicuspid valve

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7
Q

aortic regurg sx

A

HTN, dyspnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dypnea, palpitations, arrhythmias, syncope, angina, pallor, diastolic decrescendo murmur, wide pulse pressure (>40), LVH, JVD

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8
Q

aortic regurg sequelae

A

CHF

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9
Q

aortic regurg workup

A

chest xray for cardimegaly, echocardiogram

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10
Q

aortic regurg tx

A

vasodilators to decrease preload (nitro, ACE, CCB), diuresis to decrease blood volume, blood pressure, and after-load (thiazides, loops, aldosterone antagonists, ACE inhibitors)

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11
Q

Vascular causes of claudication

A

atherosclerotic disease, vasculitis (Buerger’s, Takayasu), diabetic nephropathy, venous disease (DVT, varicose veins)

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12
Q

neurologic causes of claudication

A

neurospinal disease (spinal stenosis), reflex sympathetic dystrophy

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13
Q

musculoskeletal causes of claudication

A

OA, RA, connective tissue diseases

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14
Q

ischemic heart disease def and causes

A

results from atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries causing insufficient cardiac perfusion and is usually associated with smoking, diabetes, HTN, and hyperlipidemia

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15
Q

ischemic heart disease sx

A

substernal chest pain, dyspnea on exertion, paroxysmal nocturnal dysnea, tachycardia, diaphoresis

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16
Q

ischemic heart disease sequelae

A

CHF, MI, angina, stroke

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17
Q

ischemic heart disease workup

A

cardiac catherization is gold standard, lipid panel (risk factors), ECG, echo

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18
Q

ischemic heart disease tx

A

anticoagulants to prevent thrombo (ASA, pentoxifyline), rate control to decrease cardiac demand (BB, CCB), lipid management (statins), supplemental antioxidants to reduce atherosclerosis

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19
Q

cardiac tamponade def

A

complication of pericardial effusion in which accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space restricts the heart’s ability to pump, decreasing cardiac output

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20
Q

cardiac tamponade sx

A

beck’s triad (hypotension, distended neck veins, muffled heart sounds), chest pain, tachycardia, dyspnea, tachypnea, pulsus paradoxus (inspiratory fall in systolic BP by >10mmHg), Kussmaul’s sign (increased JVP on inspiration)

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21
Q

cardiac tamponade sequelae

A

hypotension, cardiogenic shock, cardiac failure, cardiac arrest, death

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22
Q

cardiac tamponade workup

A

ECG, echo, x ray

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23
Q

cardiac tamponade tx

A

Iv fluids, pericardiocentesis, avoid vasodilators and diuretics (will further decrease venous return and thus cardiac output)

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24
Q

cardiac causes of chest pain

A

acute coronary syndrome, acute MI, angina, pericarditis, cardiac tamponade, aortic dissection, aortic stenosis

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25
respiratory causes of chest pain
pulmonary HTN, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax, pneumonia
26
gastric causes of chest pain
GERD, PUD, esophageal rupture, pancreatitis, pneumomediastinum
27
musculoskeletal causes of chest pain
costochondritis
28
Raynaud's def
bilateral vasospastic disorder leading to intermittend attacks of pallor and cyanosis of the digits due to cold exposure. Raynaud's phenomenon is a secondary disorder of the small blood vessels causing similar symptoms.
29
Raynaud's sx
sudden onset pallor and cyanosis of the digits, discoloration of the digits, arthralgia, sclerodactyly, telangectasia, photosensitivity
30
Raynaud's sequelae
ulceration, gangrene, cellulitis, osteomyelitis
31
Raynaud's workup
inflammatory markers (ESR, c-reactive protein)
32
Raynaud's tx
vasodilators to increase blood flow to the digits (CCB, diltiazem = CCB)
33
mitral stenosis def and causes
reduced function of the mitral valve almost always due to rheumatic heart disease
34
mitral stenosis sx
dypnea on exertion, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, hemoptysis, pulmonary edem, ascites, atrial fib, diastolic murmur (opening snap followed by murmur), JVD
35
mitral stenosis sequelae
stroke, a-fib, thromboembolism, PE, pulmonary edema, bacterial endocarditis
36
mitral stenosis workup
imaging (echo, x ray)
37
mitral stenosis tx
rate control to increase diastolic filling time (BB, CCB)
38
aortic stenosis def
constiction of the aortic valve with reduced function commonly found in the elderly and in those with congenital bicuspid valves
39
aortic stenosis sx
classic triad (syncope, angina, dyspnea on exertion), chest pain, systolic ejection murmur
40
aortic stenosis sequelae
CHF, LVH, angina, death
41
aortic stenosis workup
imaging (echo, x ray showing hypertrophy
42
aortic stenosis tx
aortic valve replacement, AVOID vasodilators
43
tricuspid stenosis def and causes
reduced function of the right atrioventricular valve and can be congenital or causes by disease (rheumatic heart disease)
44
tricuspid stenosis sx
fatigue, pulmonary congestion, dyspnea, ascites, edema, diastolic murmur (click), elevated jugular venous pressure
45
tricuspid stenosis sequelae
endocarditis, CHF, valve replacement
46
tricuspid stenosis workup
echo, ECG
47
tricuspid stenosis tx
diuresis to decrease blood volume, blood pressure, and after-load (thiazides, loops, aldosterone antagonists, ACE inhibitors)
48
thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger's) def
recurring progressive inflammation and thrombosis of small and medium arteries and veins of the hands and feet, strongly associated with smoking
49
thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger's) sx
gradual onset cyanosis, persistent pain, parasthesias, diminished pulses, diminished sensation
50
thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger's) sequelae
ulcerations, gangrene
51
thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger's) workup
CBC with diff, disease markers (ANA, RF, antiphospholipid, Ab), inflammatory markers (eosinophils, sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein), LFTs, renal function tests, urinalysis
52
thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger's) tx
lifestyle modification: avoidance of cold environments and drugs that lead to vasoconstriction
53
premature ventricular contractions def
occur when the heartbeat is initiated by ectopic foci in the ventricles (Purkinje fibers) rather than by the SA node. These contractions occur periodically and are the most common type of arrhythmia.
54
premature ventricular contractions sx
palpitations, often asymptomatic
55
premature ventricular contractions sequelae
ventricular tachycardia
56
premature ventricular contractions workup
ECG (wide QRS without preceding P wave, T wave inversion)
57
premature ventricular contractions tx
rate control to decrease cardiac demand (BB, CCB, digoxin)
58
pericarditis def and causes
inflammation of the pericardial tissue, commonly caused by viral infection (coxsackie), autoimmune disease, storage diseases (SLE, scleroderma) or infarct
59
pericarditis sx
flu-like symptoms (fever, myalgia), acute chest pain better sitting up and leaning forward, dyspnea, pericardial friction rub
60
pericarditis sequelae
cardiac tamponade
61
pericarditis workup
ECG, chest x ray
62
pericarditis tx
anti-inflammatories (NSADs, steroids), pericardiocentesis to treat pericardial effusion or tamponade
63
intermittent claudication def and causes
muscle pain (usually in the calf) caused by peripheral arterial disease with significant atherosclerotic blockages, leading to arterial insufficiency
64
intermittent claudication sx
predictable and reproducible pain on exertion
65
intermittent claudication sequelae
arterial insufficiency
66
intermittent claudication workup
doppler ultrasound
67
intermittent claudication tx
vasodilators to increase peripheral blood supply (CCB, diltiazem)
68
premature atrial contractions def and causes
periodic contractions of the atria from ectopic foci and can be brought on by stress, caffeine, and alcohol
69
premature atrial contractions sx
occasional irregular heart beats
70
premature atrial contractions sequelae
a-fib
71
premature atrial contractions workup
ECG (occasional irregular P-R interval, QRS is normal), halter monitor
72
premature atrial contractions tx
rate control to decrease cardiac demand (BB)
73
heart block def and causes
delayed conduction between the SA node and ventricular depolarization. First and second degree (type I) heart block are commonly associated with increased vagal tone or drug effects (digoxin, BB, CCB) and are usually asymptomatic. Second degree (type II) and third degree heart block usually result from fibrotic or ischemic septal damage and often present with syncope.
74
heart block sx
syncope, chest pain, palpitations, dyspnea, heart rate less than 40
75
heart block sequelae
arrhythmias, asystole
76
heart block workup
ECG (no relationship between P wave and QRS complex)
77
heart block tx
pacemaker (second degree type II and third degree heart block)

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