Cardio

Question 1

Where are S1 sounds heard loudest?

Answer 1

Mitral and tricuspid areas.

Lower left side of chest

Question 2

What causes an S3?

Answer 2

Rapid ventricular filling
Heard best in mitral area
May be normal in young patients.

Question 3

What causes S4?

Answer 3

Forcefull atrial ejection into a distended ventrical.

Heard best at the mitral area.

May be normal in children.
Can be caused by HTN or aortic stenosis.

Question 4

Mid systolic murmur that radiates to the carotids with a CRESCENDO-DECRESCENDO sound.

Its loud, harsh, and medium pitched with an ejection click.

Answer 4

Aortic stenosis

Question 5

Early diastolic murmur with DECRESCENDO thats described as HOLOSYSTOLIC, BLOWING, HIGH PITCHED.

It is often louder when sitting forward or after exhalation.

Answer 5

aortic regurgitation

Question 6

Described with a CRESCENDO DECRESCENDO sound noted MID SYSTOLIC.

Its harsh and medium pitched often louder on inspiration with a click.

Answer 6

Pulmonic stenosis

Question 7

Described as a loud systolic murmur that splits S2

Answer 7

Atrial septal defect

Question 8

Continuous MACHINE MURMUr

Answer 8

Patent ductus arteriosis

Question 9

measurement of one little box on an emg = how many seconds?

Answer 9

0.04 seconds

Question 10

A big 5 mm box on an ecg measures how much time?

Answer 10

0.20 seconds

Question 11

Whats the distance between slashes at the top of the page of an ecg in time?

Answer 11

3 seconds

Question 12

Name the heart rate at:
1 big box
2 big boxes
3
4
5
6

Answer 12

1: 300 bpm
2: 150 bpm
3: 100 bpm
4: 75 bpm
5: 60 bpm
6: 50 bpm

Question 13

Q wave

Answer 13

Hallmark of infarction

Q wave will appear enlarged following an MI.

Question 14

Inverted T wave

Answer 14

Inverted T wave may indicate ischemia

Question 15

Tall, peaked T waves

Answer 15

Hyperkalemia

Question 16

U wave

Answer 16

Sometimes seen after the T wave and associated with electrolyte disturbances such as hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia.

Question 17

What is a first degree heart block?

Answer 17

simply a prolonged P-R interval but constant in duration!!

Question 18

What is second degree heart block and what else is it known as?

Answer 18

broken into Type 1 (wenckebach’s) and Type 2 (Mobitz)

Type 1: Not all atrial impulses reach the ventricles.
PR interval progressively lengthens until a QRS is dropped. Cycle then repeats.

Type 2: Mobitz: Not all atrial impulses reach the ventricles. What i key here is that there is no delay or prolongation in the P-R interval

Question 19

Difference between type 1 Weneckes and type 2 Mobits second degree heart block.

Answer 19

Both are characterized as having a depolarization that might not meet the QRS.

In type 1 the PR intervals slowly lengthen until a QRS complex is dropped.

In type 2 the PR intervals do not lengthen and a QRS cycle just randomly drops.

Question 20

What happens in third degree heart block?

Answer 20

None of the atrial impulses reach the ventricles.

the atrium and ventricles are beating on there own separate regular rates.

Question 21

What is defined as sinus bradycardia?

Answer 21

Less than 60 beats per minute!

Question 22

What is defined as sinus tachycardia?

Answer 22

More than 100 beats per minute

Question 23

How does a premature atrial contaction appear?

Causes

Answer 23

P wave may be enlarged, disfigured or absent.

Coffee, tobacco, etOH, heart dsease, CHF, meds, hypoxia, low K+ levels are all known to cause this condition.

Question 24

What is paroxysmal atrial tachycardia?

Answer 24

Focus is in the atrium in which it depolarizes giving rise to a series of rapid beats at a regular rate between 150 and 250 beats per minute.

Begins and ends suddenly (paroxysmally)

Question 25

How will a-flutter and a-fib differ in ecg appearance?

Answer 25

A flutter will have a sawtooth pattern where as a fib will have many tiny wiggly patterns.

Note that the QRS waves will appear unaltered.

Question 26

How will a premature ventricular contraction apear?

Answer 26

Ectopic depolarization in any portion of the ventricular myocardium.

Will appear with strange elongated QRS segments that dip low between the ST point.

Question 27

How does wolf-parkinson white syndrome present?

Answer 27

Electrical bridge between the atrium and the ventricles bypassing the AV node.

Just causes a very rapid QRS segment

Question 28

What type of ECG will present with an inverted p wave?

Answer 28

It is typically due to a junctional rhythm

Heart beat is originating in the AV when the SA node isnt working correctly.

AV node beats at 40-60 bpm will apear bradychardic