Cardio

Question 1

Phospholamban increase or decrease leads to contractility ?

Answer 1

decrease ( its phosphorylation leads to its inactivation

Question 2

contractility depends on 2 entities

Answer 2

size of the inward current I

amount of Ca from previous beats

Question 3

lysitropy

Answer 3

myocardial relaxation

Question 4

Verapamil is nondihydro or dihydro?

Answer 4

non-dihydro

Question 5

increase in afterload will lead to increase in wall _____.sho besir to decrease hal increase

Answer 5

wall tension

heart hypertrophies to decrease the wall tension

Question 6

how is afterload approximated?

Answer 6

MAP

Question 7

increase or decrease in extracellular Na will lead to contractility

Answer 7

decrease . krml el Na/Ca channel . less na out. less na rah eyfut so less Ca rah yedhar

Question 8

flow

Answer 8

pressure/resistance = V x A

Question 9

lowest flow velocity is found in what vessels?

Answer 9

cappillary (because they have the highest surface area)

Question 10

compliance formula

Answer 10

C = V/P

Question 11

when we are measuring the Pul wedge pressure ka2ano we are measuring the

Answer 11

LAP

Question 12

parasympathetic innervation of the heart is to?

Answer 12

atria

Question 13

dromotropic

Answer 13

conduction

Question 14

frank starling

Answer 14

increase in volume –> increase in ventricular muscle fiber –> increase in developed tension

Question 15

period of highesr O2 consumption in the pressure-volume loop/

Answer 15

isovolumetric contraction

Question 16

S3 in a young individual is

Answer 16

normal in children- young adults - and pregnant woman

Question 17

S4 in elderly individual is

Answer 17

always abnormal regardless of the age of the patient.

Question 18

the y descent sho fe pathologies

Answer 18

prominent in constrictive pericarditis and absent in cardiac tamponade .

Question 19

clamping of abdominal artery lead to

Answer 19

increase afterload

Question 20

what 2 things increase TPR and what decrease TPR

and what is shift shape like ( clock)

Answer 20

increase TPR : vasopressors - clockwise

decrease TPR : exercise and AV shunt - counterclockwise

Question 21

can we determine easily the RAP in decrease or increase in TPR ? without using the graph? why

Answer 21

No le2ano masalan , increase in TPR –> decrease CO -> increase RAP
increase in TPR –> decrease in VR –> deccrease RAP

so we cannot expct this , we need the graph

Question 22

what happens to the split in left bundle branch block

Answer 22

eliminated in inspiration.

paradoxical in expiration

Question 23

where do we hear the flow murmer and aortic valve sclerosis( area of ascultation)

Answer 23

aortic area

flow murmur can be heard kamen pulmonary area

Question 24

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy : systolic murmer where do we here it

Answer 24

left sternal border

Question 25

ventral septal defect heard at | ASD heart at

Answer 25

tricuspid | pulmonary area

Question 26

more blood leads to earlier or later onset of MVP ?

Answer 26

later

Question 27

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy murmer

Answer 27

cresesendo - descendo systolic murmer | S4 murmer

Question 28

infective endocarditis can lead to what murmer

Answer 28

MR - AR

Question 29

bicuspid aortic valve can lead to what type of murmers

Answer 29

aortic regurge | aortic stenosis

Question 30

a stenosis in a diastolic murmur leads to awal ma etbalesh el murmer sho besamu7a a stenosis in a systolic murmur sho besamu7a

Answer 30

opening snap--> diastolic | ejection click --> systolic

Question 31

decrease interval in MS between S2 and OS correlates with

Answer 31

increased severity

Question 32

PDA : loudest at which point in murmer and where is it heart

Answer 32

at the S2 and heard at left infraclavicular area .

Question 33

hada 3ndo dysphagia / hoarsness + murmer . sho mnfaker

Answer 33

mitral stenosis

Question 34

what murmer can predispose you to infective endocarditis

Answer 34

MVP

Question 35

pulsus pavus and tardus

Answer 35

AS

Question 36

TR most commonly caused by

Answer 36

RV dilatation

Question 37

inspiratiorn increase what heart murmers. why?

Answer 37

right. since it decrease intrathoracic pressure that increaes venous return but decreases LVR le2ano decrease in intrathoracic pressure increase pulmonary capacitance

Question 38

what the are 2 congenital QT syndromes?

Answer 38

Romano ( AD) ; pure cardiac phenotype- KCN2 ( khaso bil K receptors leading to a prolonged QT Lange : sensorineural deficit ( LQ1 and LQ2)

Question 39

PR of WPW is

Answer 39

shorteneed

Question 40

u wave seen in

Answer 40

hypukalemia and bradycardia

Question 41

what disease causes third degree complete block?

Answer 41

lyme disease

Question 42

Afib causes

Answer 42

hypertension CAD mitral regurge

Question 43

Atrial natriuretic peptide acts via

Answer 43

cGMP

Question 44

anp act on which part of the kidney tubules?

Answer 44

renal collecting tubule

Question 45

Holiday heart syndrome

Answer 45

ingestion of high amounts of alcohol can lead to arrhythmias

Question 46

what is cushing reflex

Answer 46

Hypertension - bradycardia - resp depression starts with increase in intracranial pressure --> cerebral vessel constrict --> cerebral ischemia --> PCO2 increase --> trigger the central sympathetic to increase perfusion pressure so byeshte8el el sympathetic --. increase stretch leads to actiivation of peripheral baroreceptors --> induced bradycardia

Question 47

PCWP is approximatly equal to ?

Answer 47

RAP ( 4-12) and LV DP ( diastolic pressure)

Question 48

In normal case . which is more in cappillary , filtration or absorption?

Answer 48

filtration more common w el ele bedal bedal bara bruh through lymph .

Question 49

what is the most important mechanism for temperature control ?

Answer 49

sympathetic stimulation

Question 50

kidney autoregulation

Answer 50

myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback

Question 51

what affects skeletal muscle local metabolites

Answer 51

CHALK co2 h plus - adenosis - lactate - K plus

Question 52

Supra-ventricular have QRS that are ? | eza balashet men tahet el AV node keef bekuno el QRS

Answer 52

SVT : narrow | tahet el AV node : wide

Question 53

Myofibril relaxation happens after ?? | Hypereosinophilia of MI

Answer 53

30 mins | 4 hours

Question 54

when do we say that something is a cardiomyopathy

Answer 54

it is when there is a primary dysfunction to the heart tisssue. y3ni hypertension, CAD , ischemic heart disease hole manon cardiomyopathies. le2ano changes are 2nd to shi 3am besir